Philosophy of Descartes and Hume
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Questions and Answers

What does 'Cogito, ergo sum' mean?

I think, therefore I am.

Which philosopher is known as the founder of modern philosophy?

  • Rene Descartes (correct)
  • Socrates
  • Immanuel Kant
  • David Hume

    • What is David Hume's famous assertion about the self?

  • The self is a social construct.
  • The self is a constant entity.
  • The self is an illusion.
  • There is no self. (correct)

    • How does Immanuel Kant describe our perception of the world?

    <p>We perceive and experience an organized world of objects, relationships, and ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hume, experiences resemble a unified and permanent self-identity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that Kant describes as essential for synthesizing knowledge?

    <p>The process of creating an intelligible experience from sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rene Descartes stated that we must doubt all we were taught to accept without ___.

    <p>question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between experiences and perceptions according to David Hume?

    <p>Experiences equal impressions plus ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of knowledge according to the provided content?

    <p>Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the role of the self in constructing reality?

    <p>To actively create a familiar and predictable world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is described as how the mind handles sensations and ideas?

    <p>Synthesis into a unified experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a person do to develop beliefs that are truly their own according to Descartes?

    <p>Doubt everything they have learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about knowledge in the content is accurate?

    <p>Knowledge is synthesized from organized experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the self contribute to the construction of reality?

    <p>By forming a consistent and coherent reality based on experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hume's view on the nature of self-identity?

    <p>Self-identity is an illusion derived from perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kant criticizes Hume by stating that humans achieve genuine knowledge through what process?

    <p>Weaving sensations into coherent understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Descartes, self-identity is connected to what aspect of an individual's awareness?

    <p>Awareness of one's mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key idea distinguishes Kant's philosophy from Hume's regarding human experience?

    <p>Kant acknowledges the role of sensations in forming coherent experiences, which Hume denies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rene Descartes

    • "Cogito, ergo sum." "I think, therefore I am."
    • French Philosopher
    • Founder of Modern philosophy
    • Mathematician and Scientist
    • Thinking Process: doubt all we were taught to accept without question, develop beliefs that are truly yours.
    • "If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.”
    • “We are thinking things.We are a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses; that imagines also, and perceives.”
    • Understanding the situation you're in. Doubt the accuracy of ideas. Affirm the truth of a statement.
    • “Your self-identity is dependent on your awareness of your usage of all these mental processes.If you are living passively and are, for the most of your life, unaware of these; it would not be possible for you to have a self-identity, a unique essence, a ’you’.”

    David Hume

    • "There is no self."
    • Upon introspection, one would discover there is no self.
    • Experiences = Impressions + Ideas
    • Can never observe anything BUT the perception.
    • A bundle of different perceptions across life.
    • "All of our experiences are perceptions, none of these perceptions resemble a unified and permanent self-identity that exists over time.”

    Immanuel Kant

    • "We construct our self."
    • German Philosopher
    • Modern Scaffolding of Modern Consciousness
    • Retaliation 1: “If Hume’s view proved true, then humans would never be able to achieve genuine knowledge in any area of experience: scientific, ethical, religious, or metaphysical.”
    • Retaliation 2: “Hume overlooked that our primary experience of the world is not in terms of a disconnected stream of sensations.Instead, we perceive and experience an organized world of objects, relationships and ideas.”
    • Retaliation 3: “We live in a fairly stable and orderly world in which sensations are woven together into a fabric that is familiar to us.And integrated throughout this fabric is our conscious self who is the knowing subject at the center of our universe.”
    • Knowledge: Begins with experience, does not follow that it all arises from experience.
    • Mind: Synthesizes and relates sensations. Process of creating an intelligible world. Makes a unified and intelligible experience possible.
    • The Self: An organized world of objects, relationships, and ideas. Synthesizes sensations and ideas into an integrated, meaningful whole.
    • “The self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and, most significantly, mine.”

    Rene Descartes

    • "Cogito, ergo sum." - "I think, therefore I am."
    • French philosopher, considered the founder of modern philosophy.
    • Also a mathematician and scientist.
    • Descartes believed in doubting everything you were taught and questioning everything to find your own beliefs.
    • “If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.”
    • He believed that our understanding of the situation we are in, doubting the accuracy of ideas and affirming the truth of a statement are all parts of developing a true self.
    • “We are thinking things.We are a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses; that imagines also, and perceives.”
    • He emphasized the importance of being aware of mental processes to have a self-identity.
    • “Your self-identity is dependent on your awareness of your usage of all these mental processes.If you are living passively and are, for the most of your life, unaware of these; it would not be possible for you to have a self-identity, a unique essence, a ’you’.”

    David Hume

    • "There is no self."
    • Hume believed that upon introspection, there is no self.
    • Experiences = Impressions + Ideas
    • One can never observe anything other than perception.
    • He believed the self is a bundle of different perceptions throughout life.
    • “All of our experiences are perceptions, none of these perceptions resemble a unified and permanent self-identity that exists over time.”

    Immanuel Kant

    • "We construct our self."
    • German Philosopher who built the foundation of modern consciousness.
    • Kant refuted Hume's claim saying Hume overlooked the fact that our primary experience of the world is not in terms of disconnected sensations.
    • “Hume overlooked that our primary experience of the world is not in terms of a disconnected stream of sensations.Instead, we perceive and experience an organized world of objects, relationships and ideas.”
    • He believed the world we experience is organized and not a stream of sensations.
    • He argued that our mind plays a role in constructing this reality through a process of synthesis and relating sensations.
    • “We live in a fairly stable and orderly world in which sensations are woven together into a fabric that is familiar to us.And integrated throughout this fabric is our conscious self who is the knowing subject at the center of our universe.”

    Knowledge

    • Begins with experience, but it doesn't mean all knowledge arises from experience.
    • Synthesizes sensations and ideas into an integrated, meaningful whole.

    Mind

    • A process of creating an intelligible world.
    • Makes a unified and intelligible experience possible.

    The Self

    • A subject, organizing principle, and dynamic entity.
    • The self constructs its own reality.
    • “The self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and, most significantly, mine.”

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    Philosophical Perspective PDF

    Description

    Explore the profound thoughts of Rene Descartes and David Hume in this quiz. Delve into Descartes' ideas about self-identity and existence alongside Hume's challenges to the notion of the self. Test your understanding of these foundational philosophers and their impact on modern thought.

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