Philosophy: Descartes and Hume Comparison
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Questions and Answers

What philosophical current did Descartes ultimately abandon in favor of modern science?

  • Modern Skepticism
  • Rationalism
  • Empiricism
  • Scholasticism (correct)

Which part of Descartes' methodological approach involves breaking problems into smaller parts?

  • Analysis (correct)
  • Synthesis
  • Enumeration
  • Evidence

What aspect of modern skepticism contrasts sharply with scholasticism?

  • Acceptance of reasoning
  • Doubt towards knowledge (correct)
  • Strict moral codes
  • Focus on divine truths

In Descartes' method, what is the purpose of the enumeration step?

<p>To ensure nothing is omitted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the emergence of modern skepticism?

<p>Advances in scientific understanding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental characteristic of Descartes' methodology?

<p>The use of doubt to achieve certainty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is considered the maximum representative of scholasticism that influenced Descartes?

<p>Thomas Aquinas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which educational setting did Descartes receive his scholastic training?

<p>Jesuit college of La Flèche (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of René Descartes' philosophy regarding ideas?

<p>Innate ideas play a fundamental role in human understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to David Hume, what must every idea in the human mind do?

<p>Have a corresponding impression from which it originates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Hume critique the concept of innate ideas?

<p>He suggests they stem from human psychological tendencies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant contribute to the discussion on ideas?

<p>He asserted that experiences are shaped by a priori forms of sensibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hume imply about the legitimacy of an idea without a corresponding impression?

<p>It is not legitimate and should not be used in rational reflection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does Hume claim originates from combining perceptions?

<p>The idea of self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of philosophical discussions, rationalism is represented by which philosopher?

<p>René Descartes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central critique made by Hume regarding concepts of the mind?

<p>They must be derived from simpler ideas linked to impressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the doubt of the senses imply according to Descartes?

<p>Our senses have deceived us in the past and could do so in the future. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?

<p>It establishes the existence of the self as the first indubitable truth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Descartes aim to counteract the problem of solipsism?

<p>By demonstrating the existence of God. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first way Descartes attempts to demonstrate the existence of God?

<p>Using the principle that God must exist because one can think of Him. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the 'I' allows Descartes to establish it as beyond doubt?

<p>It affirms the necessity of existence for thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Descartes' second argument for the existence of God?

<p>It is a geometric analogy relating to the properties of triangles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Descartes argue regarding human senses and reason?

<p>They can lead us to error but are fundamentally reliable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion does Descartes use to establish truth?

<p>Clear and distinct perceptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rationalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing reason and innate ideas as the foundation of knowledge. Descartes is a key figure.

Empiricism

Philosophical movement emphasizing experience and sensory perception as the foundation of knowledge. Hume is a prominent figure.

Innate Ideas

Concepts present in the human mind at birth, independent of experience. Descartes argued for their existence.

Hume's Principle of Copy

Hume's principle stating that all ideas are derived from sensory experiences (impressions) either directly or indirectly.

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Hume's Critique of Innate Ideas

Hume's view that ideas not traceable to sensory experience are illegitimate and should not be used in reasoning.

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Descartes' Cogito

Descartes' famous statement, "I think, therefore I am", demonstrating the existence of the self through conscious thought.

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Descartes' Criterion of Truth

Descartes' approach to determine the truth of a proposition by considering its clarity and distinctness.

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Kant's Transcendental Idealism

Kant's philosophical system which combines elements of rationalism and empiricism, proposing that experience is shaped by innate categories of understanding.

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Scholasticism

A philosophical approach centered on God, relying heavily on dogma and reason, with a strict moral code based on religious beliefs.

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Modern Scepticism

An approach that challenges accepted knowledge, emphasizing doubt and human limitations in understanding, and often promoting a more flexible morality.

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Descartes' Method

Rene Descartes' method of arriving at certain knowledge, involving four steps: evidence, analysis, synthesis, and enumeration.

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Evidence (Descartes' Method)

The first step in Descartes' method, where one only accepts as true what cannot be doubted. It involves systematically questioning all beliefs.

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Analysis (Descartes' Method)

The second step in Descartes' method, breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts to make them easier to understand.

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Synthesis (Descartes' Method)

The third step in Descartes' method, where one understands the relationships between the smaller parts of a problem, revealing its overall structure.

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Enumeration (Descartes' Method)

The final step in Descartes' method, carefully reviewing the process to ensure that nothing has been missed or overlooked.

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Doubt (Descartes' Method)

A key element in Descartes' method, where doubt acts as a tool to help us discover certain knowledge by eliminating false or unreliable beliefs.

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Cartesian Doubt

Descartes' method of using systematic doubt to arrive at a certain truth.

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Doubt of the Senses

The first stage of Cartesian doubt, questioning the reliability of our senses.

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Doubt of Sleep and Wakefulness

The second stage of Cartesian doubt, questioning the reality of our experiences during sleep and wakefulness.

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Evil Genius Hypothesis

The third and most radical stage of Cartesian doubt, proposing the existence of a powerful being who deceives us.

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Cogito Ergo Sum

Descartes' famous conclusion, asserting the existence of the self based on the act of thinking.

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Solipsism

The belief that only one's own mind is certain, and the existence of an external world is doubtful.

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Causality Argument for God

Descartes' first argument for God's existence, based on the idea that a perfect being cannot be caused by something imperfect.

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Ontological Argument for God

Descartes' second argument for God's existence, comparing the concept of God to a geometric figure.

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Study Notes

Relationship between Descartes and Hume

  • Descartes and Hume represent crucial rationalist and empiricist schools of thought, respectively.
  • Descartes emphasizes innate ideas, concepts present from birth (e.g., soul, God).
  • Hume criticizes innate ideas, arguing all ideas originate from sensory impressions.
  • Hume's principle of copy posits every idea is a copy of a prior sensory impression.
  • Hume's criticism targets the legitimacy of innate ideas.
  • Kant later proposed a theory where experience is shaped by the subject's prior framework.

Descartes' Cogito and Criterion of Truth

  • Descartes' philosophy arose from Scholasticism and modern skepticism.
  • Scholasticism is founded on religious dogma and established truths.
  • Modern skepticism questions the reliability of knowledge, particularly sensory perception.
  • Descartes' method of doubt involves questioning all conceivable beliefs.
  • The famed "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) is a foundation for certainty.
  • The "Cogito" is a proof of the existence of a thinking self.
  • Descartes' criterion of truth hinges on clear and distinct ideas.
  • The cogito leads to a focus on the individual's certainty of self-existence.
  • Descartes employs a methodical doubt to establish truth.
  • The method comprises four key stages: evidence, analysis, synthesis, and enumeration.

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Descartes's Philosophy PDF

Description

Explore the relationship between Descartes' rationalism and Hume's empiricism. This quiz delves into their contrasting views on innate ideas and sensory impressions, along with the implications of their philosophies on the understanding of truth. Test your knowledge on these pivotal figures in modern philosophy.

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