Philosophy Unit 3 Review 2022 PDF

-HZT4U Unit 3: The Christian Era Answer the following review questions to prepare for your next test. Be sure to review all unit notes and exercises and do not rely only on the review.OMG GUYS HELP MY PHONE DIED 1.​ Outline the differences between a Teleological, On...

-HZT4U Unit 3: The Christian Era Answer the following review questions to prepare for your next test. Be sure to review all unit notes and exercises and do not rely only on the review.OMG GUYS HELP MY PHONE DIED 1.​ Outline the differences between a Teleological, Ontological and a Cosmological view of the existence of God. aspects of all three is cumulative argument ​ Teleological Argument: ○​ Teleos ⇒ end or purpose ○​ the design argument ○​ the teleological argument centers on the idea that they universe exhibits design and purpose ○​ this is not a coincidence, it is God ​ Cosmological Argument: ​ Infinite regress is not possible, first cause must exist ○​ something cannot come from nothing argument (Principle of sufficient reason) ○​ the universe’s existence in itself must mean that something created it ​ cannot have just come into existence by itself, out of nothing ○​ Therefore, an eternal being must have created it - God ​ Ontological Argument: ○​ Ontology ⇒ study of being ○​ The nature of being argument ○​ Perfection of being (Anselm) ○​ imagine the perfect being ○​ Is it better to be real or be imaginary? ○​ a being that is actually perfect must be real ​ If we can conceive the notion that something exists, it must be greater than that which exists only in the mind ​ If the most perfect being that holds all perfection can be conceived, then it must also exist ○​ Therefore God exists. 2.​ What is St. Augustine’s teaching of the City of God? How is this similar to Plato’s Theory of the Two Worlds? ​ Augustine argues that we are citizens of two cities at the same time ​ city of God ⇒ stable, eternal, where perfect knowledge lies (similar to the World of Forms) ​ City of the World/City of Rome ⇒ unstable, constantly changing, decaying (similar to the Sensible World) ​ our bodies are trapped in the world of Rome but the mind can be in the City of God  ○​ once you recognize this, evil won’t appear as a choice to you because you know it is not true ○​ once you free your mind, you realize that good is the only choice ​ no oneness because you cannot be god, there is an otherness between perfection and the existence of perfection 3.​ In Augustine’s philosophy, what accounts for the “sinfulness” one sees in the world? ​ Each human is responsible for their sinfulness as a result of their exercise of free will ○​ God didn’t give us the original sin, we chose it (inherited by Adam) ​ Humans have free will to choose good or even ​ Even when we are “compelled” to do something, we are still exercising free will within altered circumstances ○​ The choice is still ours ​ when bad things happen, it is because we choice it ○​ God can’t take away free will because that’s an evil in itself 4.​ St. Anselm uses an ontological proof for the existence of God. Explain Anselm’s theory. ​ Perfection of being argument (Ontological argument ⇒ logically sound but difficult to believe) ​ Imagine a perfect being with no flaws (called God) ○​ is it greater to exist or to not exist? ○​ to exist ⇒ the perfect being would have to hold existence then ○​ if this is true, then total perfection would have ot exist too ○​ meaning, the perfect being would have to be as real as perfection (isn’t creative imagination) ○​ when saying “close to perfection” we are comparing it to God ○​ when we make things up they only exist in the mind - we cannot make God up as the existence proves that he is more than just an idea 5.​ How does Pascal’s Wager on the Existence of God illustrate the philosophy of Pragmatism? ​ Blaise pascal says if you think about the probability and the existence of God, it’s better to believe there is one than that there is not ​ Pascal argues that probability tells us to believe in God ​ Pragmatism ⇒ the decisions you make are useful to you, whether good or bad. you do them because they are useful. ​ This wager illustrates this philosophy because it is contemplating the success/likelihood of God’s existence and the greater benefits of believing in him than not believing in him no matter if his existence is real or not 6.​ Explain the Five Ways in St. Thomas Aquinas’ view of the existence of God. First three of five proofs are cosmological ​ Argument from Motion:  ○​ God is the original motion - everything in existence has motion and everything that has ever moved has been moved by something else ○​ Aquinas that the root of the chain of movement motion is God ○​ everything in existence has some type of motions ○​ infinite regress ○​ first mover = God ​ Argument of Efficient Cause: ○​ If you remove God from the equation, you remove the first cause ○​ everything must come from something (God is the cause, creation is the effect) ○​ whatever is done voluntarily must be traced back to something other than human reason ○​ anytime you see a chance, there is an agent cause - what about the universe? ○​ if you trace it back, you will come to a beginning point or something that just was (i.e. God) ​ Argument to Necessary Being: ○​ something can’t come from nothing ○​ without God, we or anything else could not have existed ( a being whose essence is existence itself must exist) ○​ there is never a time where something had never existed ○​ there is a necessary being to start existence ​ Argument from Gradation: Ontological ○​ for beings to be good, there must be an ultimate good ○​ ultimate good = God ○​ Because God is all good, all beings come from Him (similar to the perfection argument) ○​ If we say that there is a good,better or best, there is something we are comparing it to (which is God) ​ Argument from Design: Teleological ○​ we all have an end or final purpose ○​ purpose is not formulated out of luck - designed by God ○​ there must be a being that leads us to this final end ○​ uses the idea of things in nature that lack intelligence yet work in such an intelligent way ○​ unintelligence working for intelligence means something intelligent had to give it that property (i.e. God) 7.​ What does Aquinas mean when he describes God as Ipsum Esse? (This is a complex answer and you should take your time in understanding this.) Consider Essence and Existence, Potentiality and Actuality. ​ Ipsum esse is existence itself (i.e. God) ​ essence is the potentiality of an object's existence ​ Aquinas believed that God made our world ​ the essence of the world must have preceded the existence of the world  ​ If God is eternal, His existence could not have preceded His existence, therefore always had to be actualized ​ Therefore, God must be pure existence itself (God's essence is existence) → in other words, ipsum esse 8.​ What is Natural Law Theory? List the seven Basic Goods that arrive from Natural Law Theory. ​ The natural law theory is that the order we see in nature was a sense of natural governance and was applicable to all ​ Everything has a final cause and everything works for a final cause whether they are aware of it or not ​ Aquinas suggests that a humans purpose is to act freely - the free connection drives us to seek what is best for us ​ Seven basic goods: ○​ life ○​ reproduction ○​ education of your offspring ○​ avoid offence ○​ sociability ○​ shun ignorance ○​ seek God ○​ prohibition ⇒ what you should not do based on each ○​ positive injunction ⇒ what you should do 9.​ What are the four aspects of the human according to Aquinas? Intellect: ⇒ moral virtue: prudence ⇒ intellect virtues: knowledge, understanding, wisdom Will: ⇒ justice ⇒ Irascible fortitude ⇒ Concupiscible temperance 10.​List the Intellectual and Moral Virtues. What role do these play in the perfection of the soul? neo-aristotelianism → people who follow aquinas had the same thought process as him and just christianized it Moral Virtues: ​ prudence ​ temperance ​ fortitude ​ justice Intellectual Virtue: ​ knowledge ​ understanding ​ wisdom 11.​Explain the theory of the Double Effect in Aquinas’ philosophy. ➔​ moral framework used to evaluate actions that have both good and bad consequences  ➔​ The action itself (which has two effects) must be a good action, or at least morally indifferent ➔​ one must not intend evil ➔​ the good effect must proceed directly from the good action, not the evil effect of the action. must stop evil act directly (eg pulling a switch) not the thing that happens after the direct act) ➔​ the good effect must be sufficiently desirable to compensate for the evil effect 12.​ Be able to identify the other Virtue Ethics principles in case scenarios. list of 12 ethical principles → is not asking about all of them on the test but he will pick a few so know them 13.​Augustine presents a Just War Theory that is later developed by Aquinas. Looking at the combined theory, list and explain the conditions that must be present for a war to be just. ​ Principles of a Just War (Jus Ad Bellum): ○​ Just cause ⇒ argument of righteousness, initialing acts of aggression is unjust and gives a group a just cause to defend itself ○​ Last resort ⇒ war is a last resort and its essential aim is peace ○​ proper authority ⇒ power resides in the sovereign power of the State ○​ right intention ⇒ a nation waging a war should be doing so for justice and not for reasons of self-interest ○​ probability of success ⇒ there must be reasonable probability of success where the benefits outweigh the costs ○​ proportionality ⇒ harms must be proportionate to the military advantage achieved ​ Jus In Bello principles: ○​ proportionality ○​ discrimination ⇒ who are the legitimate targets in the war ○​ Proportional force ​ 14.​Explain the difference between the jus in bello and the jus ad bellum conditions of this theory. ​ jus in bello ⇒ what is right in the war ​ jus ad bellum ⇒ why is it right to start a war