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Questions and Answers
What does the Laguna Copperplate primarily document?
What does the Laguna Copperplate primarily document?
Which artifact is considered the oldest cloth found in the Philippines?
Which artifact is considered the oldest cloth found in the Philippines?
What material was the Butuan Ivory Seal made from?
What material was the Butuan Ivory Seal made from?
Which culture is reflected in the Gold Death Mask's burial customs?
Which culture is reflected in the Gold Death Mask's burial customs?
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What was a significant item transported by the Pandanan shipwreck?
What was a significant item transported by the Pandanan shipwreck?
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What influence did the Filipinos adopt from the Chinese?
What influence did the Filipinos adopt from the Chinese?
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What type of artifacts did the Porcelain Blue and White Big Bowl represent?
What type of artifacts did the Porcelain Blue and White Big Bowl represent?
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Which technological advancement during the Age of Exploration significantly impacted maritime exploration?
Which technological advancement during the Age of Exploration significantly impacted maritime exploration?
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What title was Aguinaldo given after the proclamation of the Revolutionary Government?
What title was Aguinaldo given after the proclamation of the Revolutionary Government?
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What was one of the key actions taken by the Malolos Congress during its inaugural session?
What was one of the key actions taken by the Malolos Congress during its inaugural session?
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When was the Malolos Constitution formally adopted?
When was the Malolos Constitution formally adopted?
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Which of the following was NOT part of the demands made during the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?
Which of the following was NOT part of the demands made during the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?
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What was the main purpose of the Revolutionary Congress convened in Malolos?
What was the main purpose of the Revolutionary Congress convened in Malolos?
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What aspect of governance did the Malolos Constitution establish?
What aspect of governance did the Malolos Constitution establish?
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Who convened the original meeting of the Biak-na-Bato Republic?
Who convened the original meeting of the Biak-na-Bato Republic?
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Which notable event happened on January 23, 1899?
Which notable event happened on January 23, 1899?
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What did the Constitution approved by the Malolos Congress provide?
What did the Constitution approved by the Malolos Congress provide?
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What rationale did Mabini provide for transitioning Aguinaldo's title from Dictator?
What rationale did Mabini provide for transitioning Aguinaldo's title from Dictator?
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What was the main reason for the Tamblot Revolt?
What was the main reason for the Tamblot Revolt?
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Which revolt was led by Juan Sumoroy?
Which revolt was led by Juan Sumoroy?
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What was a significant outcome of the Ladia Revolt?
What was a significant outcome of the Ladia Revolt?
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Which chieftain is associated with the Bankaw Revolt?
Which chieftain is associated with the Bankaw Revolt?
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What was the primary motivation behind the Silang Revolt?
What was the primary motivation behind the Silang Revolt?
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Why did Dagohoy's Revolt continue for so long?
Why did Dagohoy's Revolt continue for so long?
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What was the outcome for Palaris after the revolt he led?
What was the outcome for Palaris after the revolt he led?
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What caused the Malong Revolt?
What caused the Malong Revolt?
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Who was executed for leading the Ilocos Revolt?
Who was executed for leading the Ilocos Revolt?
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What was the role of Father Santo Tomas in the Gaddangs' revolt?
What was the role of Father Santo Tomas in the Gaddangs' revolt?
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Which revolt was sparked by the actions of Father Gaspar Morales?
Which revolt was sparked by the actions of Father Gaspar Morales?
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What did Tapar aim to achieve with his revolt?
What did Tapar aim to achieve with his revolt?
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Which native leader crowned himself as king of the Tagalogs?
Which native leader crowned himself as king of the Tagalogs?
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How did the Bankaw Revolt ultimately conclude?
How did the Bankaw Revolt ultimately conclude?
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What religious brotherhood did Hermano Pule found in Tayabas province?
What religious brotherhood did Hermano Pule found in Tayabas province?
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What did the Spanish government fear about Hermano Pule's congregation?
What did the Spanish government fear about Hermano Pule's congregation?
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Who was the powerful chief of the Kagay-anons mentioned in the content?
Who was the powerful chief of the Kagay-anons mentioned in the content?
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What action did Datu Salangsang take regarding the Recoleto missionaries?
What action did Datu Salangsang take regarding the Recoleto missionaries?
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What sparked the war between Datu Salangsang and Sultan Kudarat?
What sparked the war between Datu Salangsang and Sultan Kudarat?
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What was a contributing factor to the Caraga Revolt of 1631?
What was a contributing factor to the Caraga Revolt of 1631?
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What significant military action did Datu Salangsang undertake during the conflict with the Sultan?
What significant military action did Datu Salangsang undertake during the conflict with the Sultan?
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Which event marked the peak of the Caraga Revolt?
Which event marked the peak of the Caraga Revolt?
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What facilitated the defense of Imolagan against Sultan Kudarat’s attacks?
What facilitated the defense of Imolagan against Sultan Kudarat’s attacks?
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What role did Fray Agustin de San Pedro play during the conflict?
What role did Fray Agustin de San Pedro play during the conflict?
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What was a common misconception among Caraga chiefs regarding the Spanish?
What was a common misconception among Caraga chiefs regarding the Spanish?
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What was the outcome for Hermano Pule after the revolt?
What was the outcome for Hermano Pule after the revolt?
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What did the Caragan chiefs offer to the Moros of Cotabato in exchange for support?
What did the Caragan chiefs offer to the Moros of Cotabato in exchange for support?
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What event sparked suspicion among the Spaniards regarding the Caragan’s activities?
What event sparked suspicion among the Spaniards regarding the Caragan’s activities?
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Which technological advancement significantly improved navigation during the Age of Exploration?
Which technological advancement significantly improved navigation during the Age of Exploration?
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What was a primary motivation for European colonization during the 15th to 17th centuries?
What was a primary motivation for European colonization during the 15th to 17th centuries?
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Which treaty divided non-Christian lands between Spain and Portugal in the 15th century?
Which treaty divided non-Christian lands between Spain and Portugal in the 15th century?
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Which economic system emphasizes government intervention in trade and wealth accumulation?
Which economic system emphasizes government intervention in trade and wealth accumulation?
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What was a negative effect of European colonization on local populations?
What was a negative effect of European colonization on local populations?
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What was a major outcome of the rivalry between Spain and Portugal during the Age of Exploration?
What was a major outcome of the rivalry between Spain and Portugal during the Age of Exploration?
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Which European nation first led exploration along the coast of Africa in the 15th century?
Which European nation first led exploration along the coast of Africa in the 15th century?
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Which concept refers to the exchange of commodities, beliefs, and cultural practices between Europe and newly explored regions?
Which concept refers to the exchange of commodities, beliefs, and cultural practices between Europe and newly explored regions?
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What characterized the economic motivation behind European exploration and colonization?
What characterized the economic motivation behind European exploration and colonization?
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Which route was historically important for trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Age of Exploration?
Which route was historically important for trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Age of Exploration?
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What role did the caravel play in the Age of Exploration?
What role did the caravel play in the Age of Exploration?
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Which of the following best describes 'God' in the context of the motivations for exploration?
Which of the following best describes 'God' in the context of the motivations for exploration?
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What was a significant adverse consequence of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
What was a significant adverse consequence of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
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What sparked the Crusades in the context of European exploration?
What sparked the Crusades in the context of European exploration?
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What primary factor led to the rise of nationalism among Filipinos in the 19th century?
What primary factor led to the rise of nationalism among Filipinos in the 19th century?
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Which movement aimed to integrate the Philippines as an official province of Spain?
Which movement aimed to integrate the Philippines as an official province of Spain?
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What significant change regarding parish administration was initiated by the Royal Decree of 1774?
What significant change regarding parish administration was initiated by the Royal Decree of 1774?
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What was a notable result of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre's liberating reforms?
What was a notable result of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre's liberating reforms?
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Who were the prominent figures known for contributing significant literary works during the Reform Movement?
Who were the prominent figures known for contributing significant literary works during the Reform Movement?
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What organization did Jose Rizal establish in 1892 to address social issues and injustices?
What organization did Jose Rizal establish in 1892 to address social issues and injustices?
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What sparked the discovery of the Katipunan society in 1896?
What sparked the discovery of the Katipunan society in 1896?
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Which event marked the beginning of the armed struggle against Spanish rule in the Philippines?
Which event marked the beginning of the armed struggle against Spanish rule in the Philippines?
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What role did exposure to European ideologies play in the Reform Movement?
What role did exposure to European ideologies play in the Reform Movement?
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What impact did the opening of Philippine ports to world trade have on society?
What impact did the opening of Philippine ports to world trade have on society?
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What was the purpose of La Solidaridad, the newspaper associated with the Propaganda Movement?
What was the purpose of La Solidaridad, the newspaper associated with the Propaganda Movement?
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What social injustice was prevalent due to the dominance of Spanish friars in the Philippines?
What social injustice was prevalent due to the dominance of Spanish friars in the Philippines?
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What was a major effect of the Malolos Congress on the Philippine Republic?
What was a major effect of the Malolos Congress on the Philippine Republic?
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What was the primary focus of the Katipunan organization?
What was the primary focus of the Katipunan organization?
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What led to the arrest and execution of Andres Bonifacio?
What led to the arrest and execution of Andres Bonifacio?
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What was the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?
What was the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?
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Which of the following dates marks the formal declaration of Philippine independence?
Which of the following dates marks the formal declaration of Philippine independence?
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What was one of Aguinaldo's immediate actions upon returning in 1898?
What was one of Aguinaldo's immediate actions upon returning in 1898?
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What was the outcome of the Tejeros Convention?
What was the outcome of the Tejeros Convention?
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Which constitutional document was ratified during Aguinaldo's government?
Which constitutional document was ratified during Aguinaldo's government?
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What was the significance of the San Juan Bridge incident?
What was the significance of the San Juan Bridge incident?
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During what event was the Philippine National Anthem played for the first time?
During what event was the Philippine National Anthem played for the first time?
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What did the Malolos Congress accomplish?
What did the Malolos Congress accomplish?
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What was the main consequence of Aguinaldo's exile to Hong Kong?
What was the main consequence of Aguinaldo's exile to Hong Kong?
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What was the purpose of the mock battle at Manila Bay?
What was the purpose of the mock battle at Manila Bay?
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What was the primary purpose of the encomienda system in Spanish colonies?
What was the primary purpose of the encomienda system in Spanish colonies?
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What internal conflict contributed to the divisions within the Katipunan?
What internal conflict contributed to the divisions within the Katipunan?
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Which of the following best describes Aguinaldo's government after the Biak-na-Bato Constitution?
Which of the following best describes Aguinaldo's government after the Biak-na-Bato Constitution?
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How did the reducción policy aim to consolidate control over Philippine communities?
How did the reducción policy aim to consolidate control over Philippine communities?
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What significant change did Spanish colonialism bring to the political structure in the Philippines?
What significant change did Spanish colonialism bring to the political structure in the Philippines?
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In Antonio de Morga's historical narrative, what major issue does he address?
In Antonio de Morga's historical narrative, what major issue does he address?
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What event triggered the revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman in 1574?
What event triggered the revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman in 1574?
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What was the outcome of the early Pampanga revolt against Spanish authorities?
What was the outcome of the early Pampanga revolt against Spanish authorities?
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What led to the failure of the Maharlika's conspiracy in 1587-1588?
What led to the failure of the Maharlika's conspiracy in 1587-1588?
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What ultimately ended the Magalat revolt in Cagayan?
What ultimately ended the Magalat revolt in Cagayan?
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What was a major consequence of the Spanish friars' efforts to convert the Igorots to Christianity?
What was a major consequence of the Spanish friars' efforts to convert the Igorots to Christianity?
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What disappointment did the Gaddangs express leading to their upheaval in 1621?
What disappointment did the Gaddangs express leading to their upheaval in 1621?
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What was a key factor in the Spanish decision to grant land to colonizers?
What was a key factor in the Spanish decision to grant land to colonizers?
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How did Spanish colonizers impact political unification in the Philippines?
How did Spanish colonizers impact political unification in the Philippines?
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Which of the following describes the historical account of Antonio de Morga?
Which of the following describes the historical account of Antonio de Morga?
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What role did church attendance play under the reducción policy?
What role did church attendance play under the reducción policy?
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Study Notes
Early Foreign Contacts
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Laguna Copperplate (9th century): Discovered in Lumban, Laguna, deciphered by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma. Inscriptions in old Malay, Sanskrit, old Javanese, and old Tagalog document debt release of a chieftain.
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Butuan Ivory Seal (1000 AD): Found in Libertad, Butuan, made from a rhinoceros' ivory tusk, deciphered inscriptions in ancient Javanese. Indicates origin or transaction place during trade.
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Banton Burial Cloth (13th-14th centuries): Oldest cloth in the Philippines, possibly Southeast Asia's oldest warp ikat textile. Woven from red, black, and white abaca. Used for wrapping the dead.
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Gold Death Mask from Oton, Iloilo (Late 14th-early 15th centuries): Found in the 1970s, two-piece gold sheet covers eyes and nose of a corpse. Believed to prevent evil spirits. Originates from southern Chinese burial customs.
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Cultural and Economic Exchanges: Contact with Vietnam, Borneo, China, and India. Filipinos engaged in active economic exchanges with Chinese. Adopted items like umbrellas, porcelain, gongs, cuisine, metallurgy, and some mourning customs (white cloth).
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Indian and Chinese Influences: Philippine languages incorporate words from India and China. Cultural influences evident in language, technology, writing systems, ornaments, attire, food, and religious beliefs.
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Pandanan Shipwreck (15th century): Discovered near Pandanan Island, Palawan in 1993, excavated in 1995. Reveals over 4,000 objects from various countries. Merchant vessel with Southeast Asian origins, evidenced by its cargo (Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai ceramics and other items).
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Porcelain Blue and White Big Bowl (14th century): Manufactured during Yuan Dynasty, almost 100 years before the Pandanan vessel. Rare Yuan dynasty ceramic due to a limited production time. Remarkable decorations depict qilin and phoenix.
Age of Exploration
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Technological Advances: Stronger, faster ships like the caravel and improved navigation instruments (astrolabe, magnetic compass).
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Exchange of Goods and Ideas: Movement of living things, international trade between Europe, Americas, and Africa. Introduction of slavery.
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Spread of Culture: Spain and Portugal introduced Christianity. European practices blended with native traditions.
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Rivalry of Colonies: Colonies supplied raw materials and markets for European nations.
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Changes in Europe's Economy: Development of Capitalism, Mercantilism, and Market Economy. Capitalism centers on private resource ownership; Mercantilism emphasizes national wealth; Market Economy emphasizes minimal government intervention.
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Effects: Advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. Era of European exploration from the 15th to the 17th centuries. Changes in technology and trade routes. Overflow of products, ideas, and European culture. Creation of settlements and trade networks. Development of new market systems.
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God/Crusades: Religious motivations, traceable to Crusades (11th-15th centuries). European Christians aimed for exclusive control of Jerusalem. Challenge from Islam following the 622 revelation of the prophet Muhammad in Mecca. Spread of Islam across the Middle East and into Europe until 732 AD.
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Lure of Gold: Desire for silk, spices, and porcelain from the Crusades. Creation of new markets. Establishment of trade routes (Silk Road) from 10th century, facilitating trade between Europe and Asia.
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Spread of Islam: Islam's spread challenged Christianity, influencing the Crusades.
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Economic Motivations: Wealth was a key driver of exploration and colonization. Europeans sought gain through trade.
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Exploration for Glory and Prestige: Explorers and nations sought glory and prestige. Exploration and successful colonization enhanced national power and reputation.
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Technological Advances: Advancements in navigation technology (astrolabe, compass) and shipbuilding (caravel) aided exploration.
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Creation of New Markets: Eastern goods fuelled the creation of new markets and trade routes. Europeans sought direct access to valuable product sources.
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Silk Road Connections: The Silk Road connected Europe and Asia. Exploration sought direct sea routes to Asia, bypassing overland routes.
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Competitive Nature among European Nations: Competition for dominance in exploration and colonization. Success in exploration brought political and economic advantages.
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Cultural Exchange: Cultural exchanges between Europe and explored regions. Exchange of ideas, cultures, and technology.
Nature and Tools of Colonialism
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Colonialism: One nation subjugates another, imposing its culture and language. Motivated by the "Three Gs": God (spread Christianity), Gold (resources and trade routes), and Glory (national competition).
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Portugal's Exploration (15th century): Portuguese sought new trading routes and territories. Conquest of Northern Africa, colonization of coastal islands and territories. Early explorer innovations credited to Prince Henry "the Navigator" and Vasco da Gama.
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Spain's Exploration: Spain, inspired by Portugal, conducted explorations. Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to explore a Western route to Asia, establishing colonies in the Bahamas and Caribbean.
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European Expansion: Other European nations (Netherlands, France, Germany) sent explorers to establish new trading routes and colonies. Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation technology enabled longer voyages.
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Effects of Colonialism: Positive for colonizers, negative for local populations. Primarily exploited infrastructure, trade, and technology for exploitation. Local resistance resulted in clashes. Lack of regard for local cultures and treatment of locals as second-class citizens. Violations of human rights, disease spread, and exploitation of resources.
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Environmental Impact: Exploitation of resources, habitat destruction for plantations. Emergence of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade for plantation labor.
A Review of the Philippines Under Spain
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Encomienda: System of forced labor in Spanish colonies to encourage conquest and colonization. Indigenous leaders paid tribute to colonists with goods, labor, or minerals.
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Reducción: System that consolidated colonial control over Philippine communities by relocating indigenous individuals to settlements located near church bells. Bell ringing dictated daily life through signaling.
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Legacy of Spanish Colonialism: Changed Philippines' political structure to be part of Nueva España. Diverse ethnic groups were unified under a centralized government. New political systems with appointed positions replaced indigenous leaders.
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Political Reorganization: Introduces centralized government and new political structures. Spanish-appointed officials gradually replaced indigenous leaders.
The Moro and Lumad Experience During the Spanish Colonization
- Early Filipino Revolts (details vary for each): This section describes various revolts in the Philippines against the Spanish rule by different groups over time.
Early Filipino Revolting (details vary for each):
- This section provides details on specific Filipino revolts against Spanish rule by various groups: Lakandula and Sulayman, the Pampanga revolt, the Maharlika's Conspiracy, Magalat revolt, the Igorots Revolt, the Gaddang revolt, the Bankaw revolt, the Ladia revolt, the Sumoroy revolt, the Maniago revolt, the Malong revolt, the Almazan revolt, and Tapar's revolt, and Dagohoy's revolt, and Palaris's revolt, and Silang revolt, and Hermano Pule revolt. Specific causes and outcomes are discussed for each revolt. The 1631 Caraga Revolt is further explored, focusing on the interplay of Caraga, Moro, and Spanish interests.
The Propaganda Movement
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Factors Contributing to Filipino Political and Social Awakening: Spanish friars' abuse of power, lack of Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes, demands for assimilation, the secularization and Filipinization movements, and calls for liberal administration.
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Middle Class Emergence: The opening of Philippine ports, economic development (such as the export demand of sugar, tobacco, abaca), rise of landed estates (haciendas), a wealthy class made up of Chinese mestizos and natives, and the implementation of educational reforms of 1863.
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Middle-Class Education Abroad: Middle-class Filipinos sent their children abroad for education, often to Spain. Exposure to Spanish society's values and ideals fueled desires for reform in the Philippines.
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La Solidaridad (1889): Propagandist newspaper.
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La Liga Filipina (1892): Founded by Jose Rizal, aimed for Filipino unity, mutual protection, and reforms (education, agriculture, commerce).
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Rizal's Arrest: Disrupted La Liga's operations, many members continued. La Liga later dissolved into other organizations, including the Katipunan.
Katipunan
- Katipunan's Discovery: Teodoro Patino's revelation led to the society's exposure in 1896.
- Cry of Pugadlawin: The August 23, 1896 act of tearing cedulas initiated the revolution.
- Bonifacio's Involvement in Cavite: Involved in mediating between factions and participating in conventions.
- Leadership Rift: The Tejeros Convention resulted in disputed elections and Bonifacio's exile.
- Bonifacio's Demise: Arrested and executed in 1897.
- Aguinaldo's Government: Aguinaldo established a government at Biak-na-Bato with a constitution.
- First Phase Conclusion: Aguinaldo and revolutionists exiled to Hong Kong.
- Second Phase: Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines due to the Spanish-American War. Established a dictatorial and later revolutionary government.
The First Philippine Republic
- Establishment of the First Republic: Origins in the 1896 revolution, led by the Katipunan. Following the Tejeros Convention, Emilio Aguinaldo took control with the formal proclamation of the Philippines' independence on June 12, 1898, and subsequent establishment of a dictatorial government.
- First Philippine republic established January 23, 1899, under Aguinaldo. It had three branches of government and a constitution, forming a recognized state.
Biak-na-Bato Republic
- Details about the Biak-na-Bato Republic: Place, president, and date, and the preamble of the Republic's constitution.
Malolos Republic
- Details about the First Philippine Republic, including place, president, constitution approval dates, branches of government, and the constitution's preamble.
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Description
Explore the fascinating history of early foreign contacts in the Philippines through significant artifacts such as the Laguna Copperplate and the Butuan Ivory Seal. These items reveal deep cultural and economic exchanges with regions like Vietnam, Borneo, China, and India. Delve into the importance of these artifacts in understanding the pre-colonial history of the Philippines.
