Early Foreign Contacts in the Philippines

A system of forced labor in Spanish colonies, where indigenous leaders paid tribute with resources or labor to colonists.

A Spanish colonial policy aiming to consolidate control over Filipino communities by relocating them to towns within earshot of church bells.

Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to explore a Western route, leading to colonies in the Bahamas and the Caribbean.

European nations like Netherlands, France, and Germany sought new trading routes and colonies, fueled by technological advancements in shipbuilding and navigation.

While colonialism had positive outcomes for colonizers, it negatively impacted local populations by exploiting resources and cultures.

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade emerged to provide labor for plantations, driven by the exploitation of natural resources and the demand for agricultural products.

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided non-Christian lands between Spain and Portugal, marking the beginning of a period of exploration and colonization.

The Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529 resolved disputes over newly discovered territories and clarified the division of influence between Spain and Portugal.

A Spanish colonial system granting land to colonizers in exchange for their contributions to expanding the empire, lasting impact on land ownership and distribution in the Philippines.

A system by which colonized people were required to pay taxes, impacting their lives and the economy.

A system of trading goods between the Philippines and Mexico, using galleon ships.

Counting the population of a region to measure its resources and potential for taxation.

A document issued by the Spanish authorities, serving as a form of identification and taxation proof.

A Spanish colonial period governor who ordered the confiscation of native lands after the death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.

The revolt against Governor Lavezares's confiscation of native lands by the indigenous leader Lakandula and his associate, Sulayman.

A 1631 revolt in Caraga, Philippines, against Spanish authorities, highlighting resistance to Spanish colonial rule.

A rebellion by the Caraga people against Spanish rule in 1631, driven by frustration with Spanish oppression and a secret alliance with the Moros of Cotabato and Jolo.

The main reason behind the Caraga Revolt was dissatisfaction with Spanish rule, rooted in their mistreatment of Caraga warriors and their perceived disrespect.

This alliance solidified the Caraga Revolt as a coordinated effort. The pact ensured Moro support for the rebellion, aiming to establish a united front against the Spanish.

This strategy employed by the Spanish to quell the rebellion backfired, leading to further resentment and rebellion.

A vital moment in the revolt, it marked the reclaiming of Baganga and the death of Fray Jacinto de Jesus.

This demonstration of defiance heightened tensions. The Caraga mocked the Spanish priest, symbolizing their rejection of Spanish religious dominion.

The Spanish captain Pedro Bautista and others perished. This assault showcased the Caraga's determination and their desire for freedom.

The Caraga Revolt aimed to extend its influence beyond just Caraga, seeking support from neighboring regions such as Butuan and Agusan.

Founded in 1892 by Jose Rizal after La Solidaridad faced financial issues. Composed of three councils: Supreme, Provincial, and Popular. Focused on unity, mutual protection, defense against injustices, education, agriculture, commerce, and reforms.

Rizal's arrest in 1892 led to his deportation, disrupting La Liga. Despite this, members pursued the organization's goals. La Liga was disbanded into two groups: Cuerpo de Compromisarios and the Katipunan.

Teodoro Patino revealed the Katipunan's secrets due to a misunderstanding, leading to its discovery on August 19, 1896.

Over 1,000 Katipuneros gathered on August 23, 1896, at Juan A. Ramos's yard to tear their cedulas, signifying their revolt against Spain. This event marked the start of the Philippine revolution.

Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared war in provinces around Manila due to the spreading revolution.

Bonifacio was invited to mediate between the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Three key assemblies took place: Imus Assembly (December 31, 1896), Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897), and subsequent meetings.

Elections at Tejeros led to Aguinaldo assuming the presidency, fueling controversy and claims of electoral fraud. Bonifacio's faction protested through the

Aguinaldo assumed the presidency after elections at Tejeros, while Bonifacio's faction protested the results. Bonifacio was arrested, court-martialed, and executed on May 10, 1897, marking a tragic conclusion to his involvement in the revolution.

The Katipunan was a secret society founded in 1892, modeled after Freemasonry. It aimed to achieve independence for the Philippines.

Andres Bonifacio was the president of the Katipunan's Supreme Council, a key figure in the revolution.

The Tejeros Convention was a crucial gathering held in March 1897 to resolve conflicts between the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan.

The Magdalo faction, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, was a prominent group involved in the Philippine Revolution.

The Magdiwang faction, which supported Andres Bonifacio, was another major group within the Katipunan.

The Tejeros Convention led to a decision to dissolve the Katipunan and establish a revolutionary government, marking a crucial turning point in the Philippine Revolution.

The First Philippine Republic, established in 1899, was a significant achievement for the Filipinos in their struggle for independence.

The First Philippine Republic was a short-lived state, facing challenges and ultimately succumbing to American rule, highlighting the complex and challenging path to independence.

A truce agreement signed in December 1897 between the Spanish colonial government and the Philippine revolutionaries, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to end the First Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo and his forces were granted amnesty and financial compensation in exchange for exile in Hong Kong.

The first constitutional republic in Asia, established in 1899 by Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipino revolutionaries.

The constitution of the First Philippine Republic, approved by the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899.

The first attempt at a Philippine government, established in 1897 by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution. It was intended to be an independent state.

The preamble of the constitution of the Biak-na-Bato Republic, outlining the goals of the Philippine Revolution and the establishment of an independent state.

The demands of the Philippine revolutionaries in the context of the Biak-na-Bato Republic, including freedom of the press, religious tolerance, equal treatment for civil servants, and legal equality for all.

The three branches of government established by the Malolos Constitution: Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary. This structure aimed to create a balanced system of governance.

The Philippine Revolution was a period of conflict (1896-1898) against Spanish rule, followed by the Spanish-American War (1898). It was during this time that the Malolos Republic emerged as an independent nation.