29 Questions
At what age do many children recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is the term for the perception about oneself?
Self-concept
What is the name of the experiment that demonstrates self-awareness in infants?
Dot-of-rouge experiment
At what age do children exhibit embarrassment and shame?
2 years old
What is included in a person's self-concept?
Traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
What is the term for the ability to control objects outside of oneself?
Basic sense of self
At what age do children recognize their own photograph?
30 months
What is the term for the development of self-understanding throughout the lifespan?
Self-understanding
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Physical descriptions of oneself
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Shift to internal traits and abilities
What is perspective taking in the context of self-concept development?
The ability to assume another's perspective
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adolescence?
Abstract and idealistic descriptions
What is the term for the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
Self-concept
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adulthood?
Self-awareness and emotional intelligence
What is the term for the idea of what a person may be, would like to be, and is afraid of becoming?
Possible selves
According to Selman, what is the development of perspective taking?
A gradual process that develops through stages
What is the primary focus of the Ideal Self concept?
Understanding one's intellectual, emotional, and bodily aspects
What is Self-Efficacy according to Bandura?
Confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is the purpose of the 'Ideal Self' concept?
To become more like one's role models and heroines
What is the focus of 'Self-Worth' development?
Living up to one's identity and destiny
What is the primary source of Self-Efficacy?
Competence in particular skills and situations
What is the characteristic of Self-Efficacy?
It is situation-specific and can vary
What is the purpose of Activity 2: Ideal Self – Role Models?
To identify the qualities we admire in our role models and heroines
What is the relationship between Self-Worth and Self-Efficacy?
Self-Efficacy is a result of developing Self-Worth
What is the primary distinction between the development of Self-Worth and the Ideal Self concept?
Self-Worth is related to self-acceptance, while Ideal Self is related to self-idealization
What is the primary function of the Bodily Self in the context of the Ideal Self concept?
It is concerned with one's physical appearance and health
According to Bandura, what is the primary outcome of developing self-efficacy in a particular skill or situation?
Increased motivation and confidence in one's abilities
What is the primary objective of Activity 2: Ideal Self – Role Models?
To determine one's role models and their admirable qualities
What is the primary similarity between Self-Worth and Self-Efficacy?
Both are situation-specific and context-dependent
Study Notes
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Components of identity: career, political views, religious beliefs, relationships, ethnic identity, personality, and body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Infants recognize themselves in a mirror by 15-18 months
- Infants learn to distinguish their physical self from the environment
The Developing Sense of Self
- Infants have a basic sense of self by a few months old
- By 8 months, infants' sense of self becomes more distinct
- By 18-20 months, children respond to separation from caregivers with distress
- By 30 months, children recognize their own photographs
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through embarrassment, shame, self-assertion, and language use
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions of self
- Physical descriptions of self
- Behavioral descriptions of self
- Overestimation of abilities
Self in Middle and Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Development of perspective-taking ability
Development of Perspective Taking (Selman, 1980)
- Stages of perspective-taking development
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic self-concept
- Self-consciousness and preoccupation
- Contradictions within self
- Fluctuating self-concept across time and situations
- Comparison of real and ideal selves
- Possible selves (what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming)
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness and emotional intelligence
- Acceptance of good and bad qualities
- More realistic possible selves
- Life review and evaluation of successes and failures
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- Consists of self-worth, ideal self, and self-efficacy
- Self-worth: meaning, purpose, and living up to one's identity and destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person one would like to be
- Intellectual self (intelligence and decision-making)
- Emotional self (emotions and self-esteem)
- Bodily self (physical care and well-being)
Self-Efficacy
- Bandura's theory: developing competence leads to a sense of self-efficacy
- Self-efficacy: confidence in controlling one's motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation-specific: varying levels of self-efficacy in different contexts
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Components of identity: career, political views, religious beliefs, relationships, ethnic identity, personality, and body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Infants recognize themselves in a mirror by 15-18 months
- Infants learn to distinguish their physical self from the environment
The Developing Sense of Self
- Infants have a basic sense of self by a few months old
- By 8 months, infants' sense of self becomes more distinct
- By 18-20 months, children respond to separation from caregivers with distress
- By 30 months, children recognize their own photographs
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through embarrassment, shame, self-assertion, and language use
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions of self
- Physical descriptions of self
- Behavioral descriptions of self
- Overestimation of abilities
Self in Middle and Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Development of perspective-taking ability
Development of Perspective Taking (Selman, 1980)
- Stages of perspective-taking development
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic self-concept
- Self-consciousness and preoccupation
- Contradictions within self
- Fluctuating self-concept across time and situations
- Comparison of real and ideal selves
- Possible selves (what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming)
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness and emotional intelligence
- Acceptance of good and bad qualities
- More realistic possible selves
- Life review and evaluation of successes and failures
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- Consists of self-worth, ideal self, and self-efficacy
- Self-worth: meaning, purpose, and living up to one's identity and destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person one would like to be
- Intellectual self (intelligence and decision-making)
- Emotional self (emotions and self-esteem)
- Bodily self (physical care and well-being)
Self-Efficacy
- Bandura's theory: developing competence leads to a sense of self-efficacy
- Self-efficacy: confidence in controlling one's motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation-specific: varying levels of self-efficacy in different contexts
Explore how children develop their self-concept and identify factors that influence their identity. Learn about Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and strategies to promote children's self-esteem.
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