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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of the self in early childhood?
What is a characteristic of the self in early childhood?
What is the ability to assume another's perspective called?
What is the ability to assume another's perspective called?
What is a characteristic of the self in adolescence?
What is a characteristic of the self in adolescence?
According to Selman's stages, what is the development of perspective taking?
According to Selman's stages, what is the development of perspective taking?
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What is the concept that refers to the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
What is the concept that refers to the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
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What is a characteristic of the self in adulthood?
What is a characteristic of the self in adulthood?
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What is a process that occurs in adulthood, where individuals evaluate their successes and failures?
What is a process that occurs in adulthood, where individuals evaluate their successes and failures?
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What are 'possible selves' in adolescence?
What are 'possible selves' in adolescence?
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At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
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What is the primary component of a person's self-concept?
What is the primary component of a person's self-concept?
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What is a key indication of self-awareness in children around 2 years old?
What is a key indication of self-awareness in children around 2 years old?
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What is the term for the perception of oneself, including traits, preferences, and values?
What is the term for the perception of oneself, including traits, preferences, and values?
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At what age do children typically start to exhibit separation distress?
At what age do children typically start to exhibit separation distress?
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What is the term for the process by which children develop an understanding of their abilities and limitations?
What is the term for the process by which children develop an understanding of their abilities and limitations?
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What is a key component of a person's identity?
What is a key component of a person's identity?
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What is the age at which children typically recognize their own photograph?
What is the age at which children typically recognize their own photograph?
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What is the ideal self in the context of self-worth?
What is the ideal self in the context of self-worth?
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What are the three designations of the ideal self?
What are the three designations of the ideal self?
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What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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What determines self-efficacy?
What determines self-efficacy?
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What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
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What is the purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
What is the purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
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What is the benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
What is the benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
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What is the main difference between self-worth and self-efficacy?
What is the main difference between self-worth and self-efficacy?
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What is the primary difference between self-concept and self-efficacy?
What is the primary difference between self-concept and self-efficacy?
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What is the primary way that infants develop their sense of self during the first few months of life?
What is the primary way that infants develop their sense of self during the first few months of life?
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At what age do children typically start to exhibit self-assertive behavior?
At what age do children typically start to exhibit self-assertive behavior?
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What is the primary component of a person's identity?
What is the primary component of a person's identity?
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What is the purpose of the dot-of-rouge experiment in studying self-awareness?
What is the purpose of the dot-of-rouge experiment in studying self-awareness?
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What is the primary way that children develop their self-understanding?
What is the primary way that children develop their self-understanding?
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What is the primary difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
What is the primary difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
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At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
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What is the primary reason children in early childhood overestimate their abilities?
What is the primary reason children in early childhood overestimate their abilities?
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What is the main difference between the self-concept in middle and late childhood compared to early childhood?
What is the main difference between the self-concept in middle and late childhood compared to early childhood?
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What is the role of perspective taking in the development of self-concept?
What is the role of perspective taking in the development of self-concept?
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What is the primary characteristic of the self-concept in adolescence?
What is the primary characteristic of the self-concept in adolescence?
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What is the relationship between possible selves and self-integration in adolescence?
What is the relationship between possible selves and self-integration in adolescence?
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What is the primary difference between the self-concept in adulthood compared to adolescence?
What is the primary difference between the self-concept in adulthood compared to adolescence?
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What is the role of life review in the development of self-concept in adulthood?
What is the role of life review in the development of self-concept in adulthood?
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What is the primary component of self-concept according to Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers?
What is the primary component of self-concept according to Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers?
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What is the primary purpose of identifying one's ideal self in the context of self-worth?
What is the primary purpose of identifying one's ideal self in the context of self-worth?
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What is the main difference between intellectual self and bodily self?
What is the main difference between intellectual self and bodily self?
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What is the role of self-efficacy in achieving one's goals and aspirations?
What is the role of self-efficacy in achieving one's goals and aspirations?
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What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
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What is the primary benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
What is the primary benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
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What is the primary purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
What is the primary purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
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What is the relationship between self-efficacy and self-worth?
What is the relationship between self-efficacy and self-worth?
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What is the primary source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
What is the primary source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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Study Notes
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; everything the person believes to be true about him/herself
- Includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan
Components of Identity
- Career
- Political views
- Religious beliefs
- Relationships
- Ethnic identity
- Personality
- Body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Recognize selves in mirror at 15-18 months
- Infant learns their physical self is different from environment
- Basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- Control of objects outside of themselves
The Developing Sense of Self
- By 18-20 months, many children can look into a mirror and realize that the image they see is themselves
- By 30 months, almost all children recognize their own photograph
- By 2 years old, children’s exhibition of embarrassment and shame, their self-assertive behavior, and their use of language indicate their self-awareness
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities – what they do
- Overestimation of abilities
Self – Middle & Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Perspective Taking – the ability to assume another’s perspective
Development of Perspective Taking
- Development progresses through stages (Selman, 1980)
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic
- Self-conscious/ preoccupied
- Contradictions within self -- multiple roles in different contexts realized
- Fluctuating picture across time/situations
- Compare real and ideal selves
- Possible selves: what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness (emotional intelligence)
- Accept own good and bad qualities
- Possible selves become more realistic
- Life review – evaluation of successes & failures; more likely as you get older
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- This is the idea we have of ourselves as individuals
- Consists of:
- Self-Worth
- Ideal Self
- Self-Efficacy
Development of Self-Worth
- Meaning
- Purpose
- Living up to your identity & your destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person you would like to be
- Intellectual Self – deals with your intelligence and your ability to make good decisions
- Emotional Self – deals with your emotions and how you deal with them and also your self-esteem
- Bodily Self – has to do with your body and how good you take care of it
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Feeling of self-efficacy develops as people become competent in particular skills and situations
- Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation specific: we have a sense of self-efficacy in some contexts but not necessarily all
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; everything the person believes to be true about him/herself
- Includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan
Components of Identity
- Career
- Political views
- Religious beliefs
- Relationships
- Ethnic identity
- Personality
- Body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Recognize selves in mirror at 15-18 months
- Infant learns their physical self is different from environment
- Basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- Control of objects outside of themselves
The Developing Sense of Self
- By 18-20 months, many children can look into a mirror and realize that the image they see is themselves
- By 30 months, almost all children recognize their own photograph
- By 2 years old, children’s exhibition of embarrassment and shame, their self-assertive behavior, and their use of language indicate their self-awareness
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities – what they do
- Overestimation of abilities
Self – Middle & Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Perspective Taking – the ability to assume another’s perspective
Development of Perspective Taking
- Development progresses through stages (Selman, 1980)
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic
- Self-conscious/ preoccupied
- Contradictions within self -- multiple roles in different contexts realized
- Fluctuating picture across time/situations
- Compare real and ideal selves
- Possible selves: what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness (emotional intelligence)
- Accept own good and bad qualities
- Possible selves become more realistic
- Life review – evaluation of successes & failures; more likely as you get older
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- This is the idea we have of ourselves as individuals
- Consists of:
- Self-Worth
- Ideal Self
- Self-Efficacy
Development of Self-Worth
- Meaning
- Purpose
- Living up to your identity & your destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person you would like to be
- Intellectual Self – deals with your intelligence and your ability to make good decisions
- Emotional Self – deals with your emotions and how you deal with them and also your self-esteem
- Bodily Self – has to do with your body and how good you take care of it
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Feeling of self-efficacy develops as people become competent in particular skills and situations
- Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation specific: we have a sense of self-efficacy in some contexts but not necessarily all
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Description
Understand the development of self-concept in children, including Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and strategies to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy.
