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What is a characteristic of the self in early childhood?
What is the ability to assume another's perspective called?
What is a characteristic of the self in adolescence?
According to Selman's stages, what is the development of perspective taking?
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What is the concept that refers to the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
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What is a characteristic of the self in adulthood?
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What is a process that occurs in adulthood, where individuals evaluate their successes and failures?
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What are 'possible selves' in adolescence?
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At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
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What is the primary component of a person's self-concept?
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What is a key indication of self-awareness in children around 2 years old?
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What is the term for the perception of oneself, including traits, preferences, and values?
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At what age do children typically start to exhibit separation distress?
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What is the term for the process by which children develop an understanding of their abilities and limitations?
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What is a key component of a person's identity?
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What is the age at which children typically recognize their own photograph?
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What is the ideal self in the context of self-worth?
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What are the three designations of the ideal self?
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What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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What determines self-efficacy?
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What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
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What is the purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
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What is the benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
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What is the main difference between self-worth and self-efficacy?
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What is the primary difference between self-concept and self-efficacy?
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What is the primary way that infants develop their sense of self during the first few months of life?
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At what age do children typically start to exhibit self-assertive behavior?
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What is the primary component of a person's identity?
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What is the purpose of the dot-of-rouge experiment in studying self-awareness?
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What is the primary way that children develop their self-understanding?
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What is the primary difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
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At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in a mirror?
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What is the primary reason children in early childhood overestimate their abilities?
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What is the main difference between the self-concept in middle and late childhood compared to early childhood?
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What is the role of perspective taking in the development of self-concept?
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What is the primary characteristic of the self-concept in adolescence?
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What is the relationship between possible selves and self-integration in adolescence?
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What is the primary difference between the self-concept in adulthood compared to adolescence?
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What is the role of life review in the development of self-concept in adulthood?
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What is the primary component of self-concept according to Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers?
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What is the primary purpose of identifying one's ideal self in the context of self-worth?
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What is the main difference between intellectual self and bodily self?
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What is the role of self-efficacy in achieving one's goals and aspirations?
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What is the relationship between self-worth and living up to one's identity and destiny?
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What is the primary benefit of having self-efficacy in a particular situation?
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What is the primary purpose of identifying role models in developing self-worth?
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What is the relationship between self-efficacy and self-worth?
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What is the primary source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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Study Notes
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; everything the person believes to be true about him/herself
- Includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan
Components of Identity
- Career
- Political views
- Religious beliefs
- Relationships
- Ethnic identity
- Personality
- Body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Recognize selves in mirror at 15-18 months
- Infant learns their physical self is different from environment
- Basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- Control of objects outside of themselves
The Developing Sense of Self
- By 18-20 months, many children can look into a mirror and realize that the image they see is themselves
- By 30 months, almost all children recognize their own photograph
- By 2 years old, children’s exhibition of embarrassment and shame, their self-assertive behavior, and their use of language indicate their self-awareness
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities – what they do
- Overestimation of abilities
Self – Middle & Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Perspective Taking – the ability to assume another’s perspective
Development of Perspective Taking
- Development progresses through stages (Selman, 1980)
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic
- Self-conscious/ preoccupied
- Contradictions within self -- multiple roles in different contexts realized
- Fluctuating picture across time/situations
- Compare real and ideal selves
- Possible selves: what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness (emotional intelligence)
- Accept own good and bad qualities
- Possible selves become more realistic
- Life review – evaluation of successes & failures; more likely as you get older
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- This is the idea we have of ourselves as individuals
- Consists of:
- Self-Worth
- Ideal Self
- Self-Efficacy
Development of Self-Worth
- Meaning
- Purpose
- Living up to your identity & your destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person you would like to be
- Intellectual Self – deals with your intelligence and your ability to make good decisions
- Emotional Self – deals with your emotions and how you deal with them and also your self-esteem
- Bodily Self – has to do with your body and how good you take care of it
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Feeling of self-efficacy develops as people become competent in particular skills and situations
- Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation specific: we have a sense of self-efficacy in some contexts but not necessarily all
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept: perception about oneself; everything the person believes to be true about him/herself
- Includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan
Components of Identity
- Career
- Political views
- Religious beliefs
- Relationships
- Ethnic identity
- Personality
- Body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Recognize selves in mirror at 15-18 months
- Infant learns their physical self is different from environment
- Basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- Control of objects outside of themselves
The Developing Sense of Self
- By 18-20 months, many children can look into a mirror and realize that the image they see is themselves
- By 30 months, almost all children recognize their own photograph
- By 2 years old, children’s exhibition of embarrassment and shame, their self-assertive behavior, and their use of language indicate their self-awareness
Self in Early Childhood
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities – what they do
- Overestimation of abilities
Self – Middle & Late Childhood
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
- Perspective Taking – the ability to assume another’s perspective
Development of Perspective Taking
- Development progresses through stages (Selman, 1980)
Self in Adolescence
- Abstract and idealistic
- Self-conscious/ preoccupied
- Contradictions within self -- multiple roles in different contexts realized
- Fluctuating picture across time/situations
- Compare real and ideal selves
- Possible selves: what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness (emotional intelligence)
- Accept own good and bad qualities
- Possible selves become more realistic
- Life review – evaluation of successes & failures; more likely as you get older
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- This is the idea we have of ourselves as individuals
- Consists of:
- Self-Worth
- Ideal Self
- Self-Efficacy
Development of Self-Worth
- Meaning
- Purpose
- Living up to your identity & your destiny
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person you would like to be
- Intellectual Self – deals with your intelligence and your ability to make good decisions
- Emotional Self – deals with your emotions and how you deal with them and also your self-esteem
- Bodily Self – has to do with your body and how good you take care of it
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Feeling of self-efficacy develops as people become competent in particular skills and situations
- Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
- Situation specific: we have a sense of self-efficacy in some contexts but not necessarily all
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Description
Understand the development of self-concept in children, including Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and strategies to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy.
