20 Questions
What is the primary indicator of self-awareness in infants at around 8 months of age?
Response to separation from primary caregivers with separation distress
Which of the following is NOT a component of identity?
Hobbies
According to the dot-of-rouge experiment, at what age do infants typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is the term for the perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, and interests?
Self-concept
At what age do children typically exhibit embarrassment and shame, indicating their self-awareness?
2 years
Which of the following studies demonstrates an infant's understanding of their physical self?
The Baby Human - Shopping Cart Study
What is the primary focus of the 'Ideal Self' concept?
Developing intellectual abilities and decision-making skills
According to Bandura, what is the outcome of becoming competent in particular skills and situations?
Feeling of self-efficacy
What is the primary focus of 'Self-Worth'?
Living up to one's identity and destiny
What is the term for the kind of person you would like to be?
Ideal Self
What is the primary source of Self-Efficacy, according to the provided activity?
The 5 sources listed in the self-efficacy toolkit
What is the term for the confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's motivation, behavior, and social environment?
Self-Efficacy
What is the characteristic of self-efficacy, according to Bandura?
It is situation-specific
What is the term for the process of identifying the person you would like to be?
Creating an ideal self
In early childhood, self-concept is characterized by which of the following descriptions?
Concrete descriptions of physical characteristics and behaviors
According to Selman's theory of perspective taking, what is the primary characteristic of children in middle and late childhood?
The ability to assume another's perspective, with development progressing through stages
In adolescence, self-concept is characterized by which of the following?
Abstract and idealistic self-descriptions, with multiple roles in different contexts
What is the primary difference between the 'real self' and the 'ideal self' in the context of self-concept?
The real self is the current state of oneself, while the ideal self is the desired state
What is the primary characteristic of self-concept in adulthood, according to the content?
Increased self-awareness and emotional intelligence
Which of the following theorists is associated with the concept of self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
Study Notes
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept refers to the perception an individual has about themselves, including their traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, and interests.
- Self-concept develops throughout the lifespan.
Components of Identity
- Career
- Political views
- Religious beliefs
- Relationships
- Ethnic identity
- Personality
- Body image
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Infants develop self-awareness through the "dot-of-rouge" experiment, recognizing themselves in a mirror at 15-18 months.
- Infants learn to differentiate their physical self from the environment.
The Developing Sense of Self
- Infants have a basic sense of self at a few months old, demonstrated by their control of objects outside of themselves.
- By 8 months, infants develop a distinct sense of self, responding to separation from primary caregivers with distress.
- By 18-20 months, children recognize their own mirror reflection.
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through embarrassment, shame, self-assertive behavior, and language use.
Self in Early Childhood
- Children confuse self, mind, and body, using concrete descriptions of themselves.
- Children describe themselves in terms of physical appearance, behavior, and activities.
- Children overestimate their abilities.
Self in Middle and Late Childhood
- Children shift to describing themselves in terms of internal traits and abilities.
- Children use social role descriptions, ideal selves, and realistic assessments of their abilities.
- Children develop perspective-taking, assuming another's perspective.
- Children internalize societal standards and others' attitudes towards themselves.
Development of Perspective Taking
- Develops through stages, as described by Selman (1980).
Self in Adolescence
- Self-concept is abstract and idealistic.
- Adolescents are self-conscious and preoccupied with their image.
- Adolescents experience contradictions within themselves, with multiple roles in different contexts.
- Adolescents compare their real and ideal selves.
- Adolescents consider possible selves, including what they may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming.
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness is characterized by emotional intelligence.
- Adults accept their good and bad qualities.
- Possible selves become more realistic.
- Adults engage in life review, evaluating their successes and failures.
Self-Concept Components
- Self-Worth: consists of meaning, purpose, and living up to one's identity and destiny.
- Ideal Self: the kind of person one would like to be, with intellectual, emotional, and bodily aspects.
- Self-Efficacy: the confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment.
Self-Efficacy
- Developed through competence in specific skills and situations.
- Situation-specific, not necessarily generalizable to all contexts.
- Sources of self-efficacy include mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological and emotional states.
This quiz covers the development of self-concept in early childhood, including Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and strategies to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy.
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