24 Questions
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Physical descriptions and behavior
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
Perspective taking
In middle and late childhood, self-concept shifts towards descriptions of:
Internal traits and abilities
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adolescence?
Abstract and idealistic descriptions
What is the term for the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
Self-concept
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adulthood?
Self-awareness and emotional intelligence
What is the process of evaluating successes and failures in adulthood?
Life review
Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is self-concept according to the content?
The person's perception about oneself
What is the term for a person's perception of their ability to accomplish a task?
Self-efficacy
What is the age range when children typically respond to separation from primary caregivers with separation distress?
8-12 months
What activity is mentioned in the content to help identify one's self?
Writing down 5 words or phrases to identify oneself
Which of the following is NOT a component of identity?
IQ
At what age do children typically recognize their own photograph?
30 months
What is the term for a person's overallevaluation of their worth?
Self-esteem
What is the ideal self?
The kind of person you would like to be
What are the three designations of the ideal self?
Intellectual, Emotional, and Bodily Self
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is the purpose of identifying role models in the ideal self activity?
To identify qualities you admire in others and want to develop in yourself
What is the focus of the bodily self?
Your physical body and how you take care of it
What is the outcome of developing self-efficacy?
Feeling confident in your ability to control your motivation, behavior, and social environment
Where does self-efficacy come from?
From becoming competent in particular skills and situations
What is the characteristic of self-efficacy?
It is situation-specific
Study Notes
Development of Self-Concept
- Self-concept is the perception of oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization.
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan.
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Infants recognize themselves in a mirror at 15-18 months old (dot-of-rouge experiment).
- Infants learn to differentiate their physical self from the environment (The Baby Human - Shopping Cart Study).
The Developing Sense of Self
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life.
- By 8 months old, infants' sense of self becomes more distinct, responding to separation from primary caregivers with separation distress.
- By 18-20 months old, many children recognize their own mirror reflection.
- By 30 months old, almost all children recognize their own photograph.
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness through embarrassment, shame, self-assertive behavior, and language use.
Self in Early Childhood
- Children confuse self, mind, and body.
- They use concrete, physical descriptions of themselves.
- They overestimate their abilities.
Self in Middle and Late Childhood
- Children shift to internal traits and abilities.
- They use social role descriptions and recognize their real and ideal selves.
- They become more realistic about their abilities.
- Children internalize others' attitudes towards themselves and societal standards.
- Perspective taking develops, allowing children to assume another's perspective.
Development of Perspective Taking (Selman, 1980)
- Children progress through stages of perspective taking, becoming more skilled at assuming others' viewpoints.
Self in Adolescence
- Adolescents develop an abstract and idealistic sense of self.
- They are self-conscious and preoccupied with contradictions within themselves.
- They realize their multiple roles in different contexts.
- They compare their real and ideal selves.
- They consider possible selves, including what they may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming.
Self in Adulthood
- Self-awareness increases, including emotional intelligence.
- Adults accept their good and bad qualities.
- Possible selves become more realistic.
- Adults engage in life reviews, evaluating their successes and failures.
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- Self-concept consists of self-worth, ideal self, and self-efficacy.
Self-Worth
- Self-worth encompasses meaning, purpose, and living up to one's identity and destiny.
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person one would like to be.
- It includes intellectual, emotional, and bodily aspects.
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Self-efficacy is the confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment.
- It is situation-specific and develops through competent performance in particular skills and situations.
- Sources of self-efficacy include mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological states.
Learn about the development of self-concept in children, Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, and strategies to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy. Explore components of identity such as career, political views, and relationships.
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