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Questions and Answers
What is the most commonly used screening test for hearing deficits in newborns?
What is the most commonly used screening test for hearing deficits in newborns?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of conductive hearing loss?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of conductive hearing loss?
Which condition is most likely to cause sensorineural hearing loss?
Which condition is most likely to cause sensorineural hearing loss?
A 40-year-old male presents with episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 40-year-old male presents with episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which maneuver is used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
Which maneuver is used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
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Which condition is characterized by white, painless plaques on the oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off?
Which condition is characterized by white, painless plaques on the oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off?
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A 32-year-old patient presents with lacy, reticulated white plaques on the buccal mucosa (Wickham striae). What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 32-year-old patient presents with lacy, reticulated white plaques on the buccal mucosa (Wickham striae). What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which oral lesion has the highest malignant potential?
Which oral lesion has the highest malignant potential?
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What is the first-line treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis?
What is the first-line treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis?
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Which of the following findings suggests streptococcal pharyngitis over viral pharyngitis?
Which of the following findings suggests streptococcal pharyngitis over viral pharyngitis?
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A patient presents with sudden painless monocular vision loss and a cherry-red spot on fundoscopy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with sudden painless monocular vision loss and a cherry-red spot on fundoscopy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which condition is an ophthalmic emergency requiring immediate surgery?
Which condition is an ophthalmic emergency requiring immediate surgery?
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What is the gold standard diagnostic test for open-angle glaucoma?
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for open-angle glaucoma?
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Which virus is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer?
Which virus is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer?
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A painless, persistent neck mass in an older patient who smokes should raise suspicion for:
A painless, persistent neck mass in an older patient who smokes should raise suspicion for:
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A 3-year-old presents with a "barking" cough, inspiratory stridor, and steeple sign on X-ray. What is the diagnosis?
A 3-year-old presents with a "barking" cough, inspiratory stridor, and steeple sign on X-ray. What is the diagnosis?
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Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the management of suspected epiglottitis?
Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the management of suspected epiglottitis?
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A patient presents with acute facial trauma and periorbital ecchymosis. He cannot look upward. What is the likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with acute facial trauma and periorbital ecchymosis. He cannot look upward. What is the likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of otitis externa?
Which of the following is the most common cause of otitis externa?
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What is the most effective treatment for malignant otitis externa?
What is the most effective treatment for malignant otitis externa?
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A patient with a history of barotrauma presents with fluctuating ear pressure and hearing loss. What is the most likely cause?
A patient with a history of barotrauma presents with fluctuating ear pressure and hearing loss. What is the most likely cause?
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What is the recommended treatment for acute otitis media in children under 2 years old?
What is the recommended treatment for acute otitis media in children under 2 years old?
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Which of the following findings is most suggestive of a cholesteatoma?
Which of the following findings is most suggestive of a cholesteatoma?
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Which pathogen is most commonly associated with oral candidiasis?
Which pathogen is most commonly associated with oral candidiasis?
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What is the first-line treatment for aphthous ulcers?
What is the first-line treatment for aphthous ulcers?
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A patient presents with a tender, swollen submandibular gland and purulent discharge from the duct when massaged. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a tender, swollen submandibular gland and purulent discharge from the duct when massaged. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following best differentiates vasomotor rhinitis from allergic rhinitis?
Which of the following best differentiates vasomotor rhinitis from allergic rhinitis?
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What is the Centor Criteria used for?
What is the Centor Criteria used for?
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A patient presents with a painless, non-tender chalazion. What is the first-line treatment?
A patient presents with a painless, non-tender chalazion. What is the first-line treatment?
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What is the hallmark finding of herpes simplex keratitis on fluorescein staining?
What is the hallmark finding of herpes simplex keratitis on fluorescein staining?
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Which of the following red eye conditions is considered an emergency requiring immediate ophthalmology referral?
Which of the following red eye conditions is considered an emergency requiring immediate ophthalmology referral?
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Which of the following is the first-line treatment for wet macular degeneration?
Which of the following is the first-line treatment for wet macular degeneration?
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Which condition is associated with an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil)?
Which condition is associated with an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil)?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of painless, persistent cervical lymphadenopathy in an adult?
Which of the following is the most common cause of painless, persistent cervical lymphadenopathy in an adult?
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What is the primary treatment for early-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma?
What is the primary treatment for early-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma?
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A patient presents with a deep neck infection and trismus. What is the most serious potential complication?
A patient presents with a deep neck infection and trismus. What is the most serious potential complication?
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A patient with facial trauma presents with malocclusion, numbness of the lower lip, and difficulty opening the mouth. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient with facial trauma presents with malocclusion, numbness of the lower lip, and difficulty opening the mouth. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following signs is most specific for a blowout fracture?
Which of the following signs is most specific for a blowout fracture?
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A child presents with a "tripod" posture, drooling, and a muffled voice. What is the next best step?
A child presents with a "tripod" posture, drooling, and a muffled voice. What is the next best step?
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Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing a suspected globe rupture?
Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing a suspected globe rupture?
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A 65-year-old patient presents with progressive bilateral hearing loss. He denies ear pain or vertigo. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 65-year-old patient presents with progressive bilateral hearing loss. He denies ear pain or vertigo. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which test is used to confirm acoustic neuroma?
Which test is used to confirm acoustic neuroma?
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Which of the following is a key clinical feature of Meniere's disease?
Which of the following is a key clinical feature of Meniere's disease?
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Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for Meniere's disease?
Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for Meniere's disease?
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A patient presents with sudden onset, continuous vertigo lasting several days. He has no hearing loss but recently had an upper respiratory infection. What is the likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with sudden onset, continuous vertigo lasting several days. He has no hearing loss but recently had an upper respiratory infection. What is the likely diagnosis?
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A 45-year-old male presents with dry mouth, dry eyes, and bilateral parotid gland enlargement. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 45-year-old male presents with dry mouth, dry eyes, and bilateral parotid gland enlargement. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following best differentiates oral leukoplakia from oral candidiasis?
Which of the following best differentiates oral leukoplakia from oral candidiasis?
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Which viral infection is most commonly associated with parotitis in children?
Which viral infection is most commonly associated with parotitis in children?
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Which of the following is the most common bacterial pathogen in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?
Which of the following is the most common bacterial pathogen in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?
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A 22-year-old presents with sore throat, fever, fatigue, and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Which test is most appropriate for diagnosis?
A 22-year-old presents with sore throat, fever, fatigue, and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Which test is most appropriate for diagnosis?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for nasal polyps?
Which of the following is a risk factor for nasal polyps?
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A 5-year-old boy presents with stridor, drooling, and dysphagia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 5-year-old boy presents with stridor, drooling, and dysphagia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following is a key feature of scleritis?
Which of the following is a key feature of scleritis?
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Which eye condition is most likely to be vision-threatening?
Which eye condition is most likely to be vision-threatening?
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A patient presents with a painful, swollen eyelid and restricted extraocular movements. What is the likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a painful, swollen eyelid and restricted extraocular movements. What is the likely diagnosis?
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What is the most common cause of blindness in older adults in the United States?
What is the most common cause of blindness in older adults in the United States?
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Which of the following is characteristic of open-angle glaucoma?
Which of the following is characteristic of open-angle glaucoma?
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What is the first-line treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma?
What is the first-line treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma?
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What is the first step in managing a patient with suspected Ludwig's angina?
What is the first step in managing a patient with suspected Ludwig's angina?
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A patient presents with severe unilateral periorbital pain, proptosis, and vision loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with severe unilateral periorbital pain, proptosis, and vision loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A child presents with sudden-onset unilateral nasal congestion and foul-smelling nasal discharge. What is the most likely cause?
A child presents with sudden-onset unilateral nasal congestion and foul-smelling nasal discharge. What is the most likely cause?
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Which of the following is a contraindication to nasal packing in epistaxis?
Which of the following is a contraindication to nasal packing in epistaxis?
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Which imaging study is preferred for a suspected mandibular fracture?
Which imaging study is preferred for a suspected mandibular fracture?
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Study Notes
Ear Disorders and Hearing Loss
- Newborn Hearing Screening: Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) are the most common screening test for hearing in newborns.
- Conductive Hearing Loss: A distinguishing feature is lateralization to the affected ear on the Weber test, and air conduction greater than bone conduction on the Rinne test.
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Presbycusis is the most likely cause.
- Episodic Vertigo: Meniere's disease is the likely diagnosis for a 40-year-old male experiencing episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus.
- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): The Dix-Hallpike maneuver is used to diagnose BPPV.
Oral Cavity Disorders
- Oral Lichen Planus: Characterized by lacy, reticulated white plaques on the buccal mucosa (Wickham striae).
- Oral Lesion with Highest Malignant Potential: Erythroplakia.
- Candidiasis: Caused by Candida albicans, often presenting as white, painless plaques on the oral mucosa.
- Aphthous Ulcers: Treated with topical corticosteroids (e.g., triamcinolone).
- Sialolithiasis: Characterized by a tender, swollen submandibular gland with purulent discharge from the duct when massaged.
Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx Disorders
- Acute Bacterial Sinusitis: Amoxicillin-clavulanate is the first-line treatment.
- Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy suggests streptococcal pharyngitis over viral pharyngitis.
- Malignant Otitis Externa: Treated with Ciprofloxacin (IV or oral).
Ophthalmological Conditions
- Ophthalmic Emergency: Globe rupture requires immediate surgery.
- Open-Angle Glaucoma: Visual field testing is the gold standard diagnostic test.
- Wet Macular Degeneration: Anti-VEGF therapy (e.g., Bevacizumab) is the first-line treatment.
- Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil): Associated with optic neuritis.
- Herpes Simplex Keratitis: Dendritic lesions on fluorescein staining are the hallmark.
- Chalazion: Warm compresses are the first-line treatment.
- Corneal Ulcer: Requires immediate ophthalmology referral.
Neck Masses, Head, and Neck Cancers
- Oropharyngeal Cancer: Strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Painless Persistent Neck Mass (Older Smoker): Squamous cell carcinoma should be suspected.
- Ludwig's Angina: A serious potential complication of a deep neck infection, requiring securing the airway.
HEENT Emergencies
- Epiglottitis: Securing the airway is the initial management step.
- Croup: A "barking" cough, inspiratory stridor, and steeple sign on X-ray suggest a diagnosis of croup.
- Facial Trauma: Orbital floor fracture causes difficulty opening mouth and malocclusion.
- Globe Rupture: CT scan is the preferred imaging modality.
- Progressive Bilateral Hearing Loss: Presbycusis is the most likely diagnosis in a 65-year-old patient without ear pain or vertigo.
- Acoustic Neuroma: MRI with contrast is used for confirmation.
Other
- Cholesteatoma: Characteristic finding is conductive hearing loss with a pearly white mass behind the tympanic membrane.
- Ludwig's Angina: A serious potential complication of a deep neck infection is mediastinitis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various ear and oral cavity disorders. This quiz covers topics including hearing loss types, diagnostic tests, and specific oral conditions. Ideal for students and healthcare professionals interested in otolaryngology and dentistry.
