Drug Administration Routes and Pharmacokinetics
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Questions and Answers

What is the most effective route of administration for adrenaline during an anaphylactic shock?

  • Intravenous
  • Intracardiac
  • Intramuscular (correct)
  • Subcutaneous

    • Which type of hypersensitivity can be detected through intradermal drug sensitivity tests?

  • Type II (cytolytic)
  • Type IV (delayed-type)
  • Type III (retarded)
  • Type I (anaphylactic) (correct)

    • Which drug is noted for causing minimal or no physical dependence despite its addiction potential?

  • Diazepam
  • Amphetamine (correct)
  • Methadone
  • Phenobarbitone

    • What constitutes the essential feature of drug addiction?

    <p>Psychological dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes physiological changes from repeated drug use, manifesting in withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation?

    <p>Psychological dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates drug abuse?

    <p>Self-administering morphine to achieve euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do 'addiction' and 'habituation' fundamentally differ?

    <p>By the presence of withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to cause significant adverse effects upon sudden discontinuation following chronic use?

    <p>Clonidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between drug toxicity and poisoning?

    <p>A toxic effect that endangers life significantly is termed poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance's poisoning allows emetic use for removal?

    <p>Ferrous sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An immunologically mediated drug reaction with symptoms unrelated to its pharmacodynamics is termed what?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that cause allergic reactions typically act as which of the following?

    <p>Haptenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allergic drug reaction is caused by circulating antibodies?

    <p>Serum sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is identified as the only life-saving measure during anaphylactic shock?

    <p>Intramuscular adrenaline hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II, type III, and type IV hypersensitivity reactions can be suppressed by which of the following?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions?

    <p>They are unique to individual responses and not dose-related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts as an intracellular second messenger in receptor mediated signal transduction?

    <p>Cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of receptor transduction has the fastest response times?

    <p>Intrinsic ion channel operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors exhibits intrinsic enzymatic activity?

    <p>Insulin receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an 'orphan drug'?

    <p>A drug needed for treatment or prevention of a rare disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to down regulation of receptors?

    <p>Prolonged exposure to agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration is most susceptible to first-pass metabolism?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the log dose-response curve is not true?

    <p>It is nearly linear across all doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a drug said to exhibit a therapeutic window phenomenon?

    <p>When desired effects are only within a narrow dose range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transdermal drug delivery systems are beneficial except for which characteristic?

    <p>They produce high peak plasma concentration of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of drug potency?

    <p>It refers to the minimal dose required for a specific response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration route is best suited for titrating drug doses with the patient’s response?

    <p>Inhalational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly administered via intra-nasal spray for systemic effects?

    <p>Desmopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is least likely to exhibit a therapeutic window phenomenon?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intramuscular injection compare to subcutaneous injection?

    <p>Produces faster response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route carries the highest risk of harming vital functions?

    <p>Intrathecal injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs does alkalinization of urine expedite the excretion of?

    <p>Weakly acidic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of uptake is blocked by reserpine?

    <p>Granular uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily terminates the action of noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerve endings?

    <p>Axonal uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a basis for subclassifying β adrenergic receptors into β1 and β2?

    <p>Presence of additional subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The β3 adrenoceptor is characterized by which of the following features?

    <p>It is not blocked by conventional doses of propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are α2 adrenoceptors located?

    <p>Prejunctional, postjunctional, and extra-junctional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance acts exclusively by releasing noradrenaline from nerve endings?

    <p>Tyramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sympathomimetic amine has agonistic action on α1, α2, β1, and β3 adrenoceptors, but not on β2?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common effect is mediated by both α and β receptors?

    <p>Cardiac stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes dobutamine from dopamine?

    <p>It does not activate peripheral dopaminergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically known for its selective adrenergic β1 agonistic activity without dopaminergic effects?

    <p>Dobutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT produced by amphetamine at therapeutic doses?

    <p>Lowering of seizure threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressor agent is known to act both directly and indirectly, causing vasoconstriction and cardiac stimulation?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does phenylephrine have when instilled in the eye?

    <p>Mydriasis but no cycloplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is most suitable for treating hypotension during a surgical procedure?

    <p>Mephentermine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ephedrine shares which feature with adrenaline?

    <p>Inability to penetrate blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adrenergic effects does ephedrine produce?

    <p>Both α and β adrenergic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration Routes and Metabolism

    • Orphan drugs are medications used to treat or prevent rare diseases.
    • Oral administration is most likely to undergo first-pass metabolism.
    • Transdermal drug delivery systems (e.g., patches) provide a consistent plasma drug concentration and avoid the liver's first-pass metabolism, but they have higher peak plasma concentrations.
    • Inhalational and nasal insufflation routes allow for dose titration based on patient response.
    • Intra-nasal sprays are used for systemic effects for drugs like Desmopressin.
    • Intramuscular injections produce a faster response than subcutaneous injections, although subcutaneous can be for depot preparations.
    • Intra-arterial injection carries the highest risk of affecting vital functions.

    Pharmacokinetics and Excretion

    • Alkalinization of urine enhances the excretion of weakly basic drugs.
    • Drugs administered intravenously are subjected to first-pass metabolism.
    • Different receptor transduction mechanisms have varying response time-courses. The fastest is intrinsic ion channel operation.
    • Intracellular second messengers, such as cyclic AMP and inositol trisphosphate, are crucial components of receptor-mediated signal transduction. G proteins are not intracellular second messengers
    • The insulin receptor has enzymatic properties

    Receptor Regulation and Drug Effects

    • Continuous use of agonists can lead to receptor downregulation.
    • Log dose-response curves are almost linear except at the extremes and are useful to compare different agonists.
    • A drug with a narrow therapeutic window has significant therapeutic effect at and only at a narrow concentration range.
    • Potency is the drug dose needed for a specific response.

    Drug Toxicity and Poisoning

    • Poisoning is a toxic effect that needs specific treatment and endangers life. Toxicity is often from drugs, while poisoning is from other harmful chemicals
    • An emetic should not be used to induce vomiting for strychnine, caustic soda, or kerosene poisoning. It is contraindicated in cases of poisoning by these substances. Ferrous sulfate should only be treated using emetics in specific cases where contraindicated
    • Idiosyncratic reactions are adverse drug reactions that are not predictable.
    • Immunologically mediated adverse reactions unrelated to pharmacological action are hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Drugs causing allergic reactions are haptens (not full antigens), and serum sickness is an allergic reaction caused by circulating antibodies.
    • Intramuscular adrenaline is the life-saving measure in anaphylactic shock.
    • Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions can be suppressed by corticosteroids.
    • Intradermal drug tests detect type I hypersensitivity.
    • Drug addiction has both physical and psychological dependence components.

    Autonomic Nervous System and Sympathomimetics

    • Reserpine blocks axonal, granular, and extraneous uptake for noradrenaline.
    • Noradrenaline's action terminates through axonal reuptake.
    • β-adrenergic receptors are distinguished by agonist and antagonist selectivity, and different transduction pathways.
    • β3 receptors primarily differ by avoiding standard propranolol doses.
    • α2 receptors are located pre- and postjunctionally.
    • Clonidine is a selective α2 receptor agonist.
    • Ephedrine and tyramine are similar to noradrenaline release.
    • Adrenaline has effects on both α and β receptors.
    • Dobutamine has β1 agonistic activity, but no dopaminergic effects, used short-term in heart failure.
    • Amphetamine increases attention span, wakefulness, and delays fatigue, but lowers the threshold level of seizures, and potentiates neuroleptics
    • Phenylephrine constricts blood vessels as well as stimulates the heart and dilates pupils
    • Noradrenaline is injected intramuscularly to increase blood pressure.

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    MCQs in Pharmacology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various drug administration routes and their impact on pharmacokinetics and metabolism. It covers methods such as oral, transdermal, inhalational, and intravenous administration, detailing how each route affects drug absorption and excretion. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in pharmacology.

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