DNA Transcription and Translation
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Questions and Answers

The enzyme that reads the DNA template and assembles the RNA strand is called ______.

RNA Polymerase

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.

False (B)

Which of the following sequences represents a correct base pairing during transcription?

  • DNA Adenine (A) pairs with RNA Guanine (G) (correct)
  • DNA Guanine (G) pairs with RNA Thymine (T)
  • DNA Thymine (T) pairs with RNA Uracil (U)
  • DNA Cytosine (C) pairs with RNA Adenine (A)

    • What is the function of the promoter region in DNA?

    <p>The promoter region is a specific DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase, initiating the process of transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Template Strand = The strand of DNA used as a pattern for RNA synthesis mRNA = The RNA copy of a gene that carries instructions to make a protein Terminator Sequence = A DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription RNA Polymerase = The enzyme that assembles the RNA strand from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial form of mRNA called in eukaryotes?

    <p>pre-mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ribosome is responsible for adding nucleotides to the mRNA during transcription.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main processing steps of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>Capping, Polyadenylation, Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, the ribosome reads the ____ sequence in mRNA to assemble a protein.

    <p>codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Capping = Addition of a guanine nucleotide to the 5' end Polyadenylation = Addition of a tail of adenine nucleotides to the 3' end Splicing = Removal of introns from the mRNA Translation = Conversion of mRNA into a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon during translation?

    <p>It releases the mRNA and the polypeptide chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyadenylation helps protect mRNA from degradation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in translation?

    <p>tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to mRNA codons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur in the ____.

    <p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first amino acid incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation?

    <p>Methionine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    mRNA

    A single-stranded RNA molecule complementary to DNA template.

    pre-mRNA

    The initial mRNA in eukaryotes requiring processing.

    Capping

    Addition of a guanine cap to the 5' end of mRNA.

    Polyadenylation

    Adding a poly-A tail to the 3' end of mRNA.

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    Splicing

    Removal of introns and joining of exons in mRNA.

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    Translation

    Process of converting mRNA sequence into a protein.

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    Ribosome

    Molecular machine that assembles amino acids into proteins.

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    tRNA

    Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes.

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    Codon

    A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA encoding an amino acid.

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    Central Dogma

    The flow of genetic information: DNA → mRNA → Protein.

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    DNA Transcription

    The process of copying DNA information into messenger RNA (mRNA).

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    RNA Polymerase

    An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

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    Template Strand

    The DNA strand that is used as a pattern for RNA synthesis.

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    Initiation

    The first step of transcription where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.

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    Promoter

    A specific DNA sequence that signals where transcription starts.

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    Elongation

    The stage of transcription where the RNA strand is synthesized.

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    Base Pairing

    The pairing of specific DNA bases with complementary RNA bases.

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    Termination

    The ending stage of transcription when RNA polymerase stops synthesizing RNA.

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    Cytoplasm

    The area in the cell outside the nucleus where proteins are synthesized.

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    Study Notes

    DNA Transcription and Translation

    • Cells require proteins for various functions, from structure to reactions.
    • DNA, stored in the nucleus (eukaryotes), holds the protein blueprints.
    • Proteins assemble in the cytoplasm, necessitating an intermediary: RNA.
    • Transcription converts DNA's code into mRNA, akin to copying a recipe.

    Transcription: DNA to mRNA

    • RNA Polymerase: Enzyme reading DNA, building RNA.
    • Template Strand: DNA strand used for RNA synthesis.
    • mRNA: RNA copy of a gene, carrying protein instructions.

    Steps of Transcription

    • Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the "start here" promoter sequence on DNA.
    • Unwinding of DNA: RNA polymerase unwinds DNA to expose a template strand.
    • Elongation: RNA polymerase reads the 3' to 5' DNA template, synthesising an mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction. RNA polymerase adds complementary mRNA nucleotides to the growing RNA strand according to base pairing rules (A-U, T-A, C-G, and G-C).
    • Termination: RNA polymerase stops at a terminator sequence, releasing the new mRNA and the DNA template.
    • Result: A single-stranded mRNA molecule, complementary to the DNA template strand, is created.

    Processing of mRNA (Eukaryotes)

    • Capping: A protective guanine cap added to the 5' end.
    • Polyadenylation: An adenine tail added to the 3' end. This protects mRNA from degradation and assists in export.
    • Splicing: Non-coding intron regions removed, coding exon regions joined.
    • Result: Mature mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

    Translation: mRNA to Protein

    • Ribosome: Protein-making machine that reads mRNA.
    • tRNA: Carries amino acids to the ribosome, matching with mRNA codons.
    • Codon: Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA for a specific amino acid.

    Steps of Translation

    • Initiation: Ribosome attaches to mRNA at the 5' cap, finds the start codon (AUG). An initiator tRNA, carrying methionine, binds to AUG.

    • Elongation: Ribosome reads each mRNA codon.

      • Matching tRNA brings the correct amino acid.
      • Peptide bond formation joins amino acids.

    • Termination: Ribosome hits a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA). Release factors bind, ending polypeptide chain.

    • Result: A polypeptide chain is created. This folds into a protein for diverse cellular functions.

    Key Differences: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    Feature Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    RNA Polymerase One type Three types (I, II, III)
    Initiation RNA polymerase alone can initiate Requires Transcription factors
    Gene Organization Genes clustered Genes spaced apart
    Transcription & Translation Coupled Separated (transcription in nucleus; translation in cytoplasm)
    mRNA Processing Not needed Capping, polyadenylation, and splicing needed

    Central Dogma

    • The flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA to protein (DNA → mRNA → Protein).
    • Transcription and translation are crucial for linking the DNA code to the creation of proteins.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the process of DNA transcription and translation. This quiz will cover key concepts such as the role of RNA polymerase, the steps involved in transcription, and the importance of mRNA in protein synthesis. Perfect for students learning about genetics and molecular biology!

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