DNA Technologies and Genetic Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What year did Kary Mullis invent PCR?

  • 1983 (correct)
  • 1980
  • 1990
  • 1997

    • Which enzyme is classically used in PCR for DNA amplification?

  • Heat shock protein
  • DNA ligase
  • Restriction enzyme
  • Taq polymerase (correct)

    • Which of the following components is NOT required for the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

  • Antibodies (correct)
  • Primers
  • Template DNA
  • Free nucleotides

    • What prestigious award did Kary Mullis receive in 1993?

    <p>Nobel Prize for Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kary Mullis expressed disbelief in which of the following?

    <p>Ozone depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To isolate and make multiple copies of a specific piece of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical application of genetic engineering?

    <p>Paternity testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique?

    <p>Kary Mullis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of genetically engineered crops, such as pest resistant crops?

    <p>Reduced pesticide use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is meant by 'gene knockout' experiments?

    <p>Removing or inactivating a specific gene to study its effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is commonly used in analyzing DNA?

    <p>Electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Golden Rice is an example of which application of genetic engineering?

    <p>Nutritional enhancement through vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of genetic engineering is primarily associated with environmental cleanup?

    <p>Bioremediation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the base pairing of sticky ends from different DNA fragments cut by the same restriction enzyme?

    <p>Recombinant DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzymatic function does DNA ligase serve in the formation of recombinant DNA?

    <p>Seals the nicks in the DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a plasmid is responsible for the initiation of replication in bacterial cells?

    <p>Origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a typical feature of cloning vectors?

    <p>They contain an origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'multiple cloning site' in a cloning vector?

    <p>To provide multiple locations for insertion of DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transforming bacteria with recombinant plasmids?

    <p>To allow bacteria to produce recombinant proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sticky ends is true?

    <p>They facilitate the joining of DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do salts play in the transformation process of bacteria?

    <p>They facilitate the uptake of plasmid DNA into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heating DNA to 95 °C during the denaturation step in PCR?

    <p>To unzip the double strands of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature is optimal for the extension phase of PCR where DNA polymerase works best?

    <p>72 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do restriction enzymes play in gene cloning?

    <p>They recognize and cleave specific short DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are plasmids utilized in gene cloning?

    <p>They serve as vectors to carry foreign DNA into bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about palindromic sequences in relation to restriction enzymes?

    <p>They are cut by restriction enzymes at the same site on both strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two domains of life are solely populated by prokaryotes?

    <p>Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to check if the gene was successfully inserted into the plasmid during gene cloning?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cloning vector' refer to in gene cloning?

    <p>A DNA molecule that carries foreign DNA into a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is crucial for the transformation of plasmids into bacteria?

    <p>Ensuring the bacterial cells are competent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA structure is typically used in gene cloning?

    <p>Plasmid DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including an antibiotic resistance gene in plasmid DNA during gene cloning?

    <p>To allow only transformed bacteria to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a gene of interest has been successfully inserted into the plasmid?

    <p>Colonies turn white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of DNA allows it to migrate through an agarose gel during electrophoresis?

    <p>DNA has a negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ethidium bromide play in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>It stains the DNA to visualize it under UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the agarose gel affects the migration speed of DNA molecules?

    <p>The concentration of the agarose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are DNA fragments separated in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>By their molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in gene cloning?

    <p>To cut DNA at specific sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for combining DNA from different sources?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the agarose gel used in electrophoresis?

    <p>It solidifies at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to visualize DNA after gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Using a UV light source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Technologies

    • DNA technologies are used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including transferring genes both within and across species.

    Genetic Engineering

    • A set of techniques used to modify the genetic makeup of cells, including gene transfer between species.

    • Research applications include:

      • Gene knockout experiments (loss of function)
      • Gene gain of function
      • Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from jellyfish

    • Medical applications include:

      • Mass production of insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria

    • Industrial applications include:

      • Biofuel production
      • Oil spill cleanup
      • Waste disposal

    • Agricultural applications include:

      • Pest-resistant crops
      • Golden Rice (vitamin A)
      • Genetically modified livestock (cows and goats expressing drugs and silk)

    Cloning

    • Cloning generates genetically identical copies of an organism or gene.

    Biology Research

    • Gene function
    • Cell signaling analysis
    • Environmental responses
    • Development and evolution
    • Protein purification

    Biomedicine

    • Pharmaceutical production
    • Disease diagnosis
    • Gene therapy

    Forensics

    • DNA fingerprinting
    • Paternity testing

    Agriculture

    • Veterinary diagnostics
    • Marker-assisted selection
    • Precision crop enhancement
    • Bioremediation
    • Cleanup of various types of waste

    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

    • A technique to create multiple copies of a specific DNA fragment.

    • Used to isolate a gene from an organism.

    • Invented by Kary Mullis in 1983, won the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this invention.

    • PCR is crucial for studying genes.

    • Ingredients:

      • Template DNA
      • Primers that flank the DNA fragment to be amplified
      • Free nucleotides (A, G, C, T)
      • DNA polymerase enzyme, typically Taq polymerase

    • Process (3 steps):

      • Denaturation: Heating to high temperature to separate DNA strands.
      • Annealing: Cooling to allow primers to bind to template DNA strands.
      • Extension: Heating to optimal temperature for DNA polymerase to build new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to primers.

    • The process of PCR proceeds exponentially, generating many copies from a single DNA fragment.

    Plasmids as Cloning Vectors

    • Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria
    • Genes can be inserted into plasmids.
    • Plasmids can be transferred into bacteria via transformation.
    • The transformed bacteria replicate the plasmid and allow for copies of the inserted gene.

    Restriction Enzymes

    • Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
    • Recognize palindromic sequences
    • Used to isolate specific DNA fragments.
    • Protect bacterial cells against viruses.
    • Bacterial DNA is protected by methylation
    • Named after their source organism. Examples: EcoRI from Escherichia coli, HindIII from Haemophilus influenzae

    Gel Electrophoresis

    • Separates DNA fragments by size using an agarose gel and an electric field
    • DNA fragments migrate through the gel based on size
    • Smaller fragments migrate further than larger ones.
    • Ethidium bromide is used to visualize DNA fragments under UV light.

    DNA Sequencing

    • Using PCR and special ddNTPs (terminator nucleotides) to determine the exact order of DNA bases.

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    Related Documents

    DNA Technologies Lecture 2 (PDF)

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of DNA technologies and genetic engineering through this quiz. Delve into applications ranging from medical to agricultural advancements, and understand the impact of cloning and gene modification on research and industry. Test your knowledge about gene transfer techniques and their real-world implications.

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