DNA Technologies and Genetic Engineering

<p>Nobel Prize for Chemistry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ozone depletion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To isolate and make multiple copies of a specific piece of DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paternity testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kary Mullis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced pesticide use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removing or inactivating a specific gene to study its effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritional enhancement through vitamin A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioremediation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombinant DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seals the nicks in the DNA strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Origin of replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain an origin of replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide multiple locations for insertion of DNA fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow bacteria to produce recombinant proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the joining of DNA fragments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the uptake of plasmid DNA into cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To unzip the double strands of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>72 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize and cleave specific short DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as vectors to carry foreign DNA into bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cut by restriction enzymes at the same site on both strands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and Archaea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DNA molecule that carries foreign DNA into a host cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring the bacterial cells are competent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow only transformed bacteria to grow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonies turn white (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA has a negative charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stains the DNA to visualize it under UV light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of the agarose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By their molecular weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cloning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It solidifies at room temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a UV light source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method to amplify specific DNA sequences.

PCR needs template DNA, primers, free nucleotides, DNA polymerase (like Taq polymerase).

Invented PCR in 1983, winning the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

The original DNA sequence that needs to be amplified.

Short DNA sequences that define the region to be amplified.

Using technology to change a cell's genetic material, including moving genes between different organisms.

A lab technique to intentionally disable a gene to study its function.

A method to rapidly make many copies of a specific DNA fragment.

Making identical copies of a gene in a lab.

Used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge using an electric field.

A technique used to identify an individual from a DNA sample.

Fuels produced from biological sources.

Genetically modified rice enriched with vitamin A.

Single-stranded overhangs on DNA fragments created by restriction enzymes. They can base-pair with complementary sticky ends from other fragments cut by the same enzyme.

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, creating sticky ends.

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, sealing the gaps in the sugar-phosphate backbone.

DNA created by combining genetic material from different sources.

A region on a vector with several restriction enzyme recognition sites for inserting DNA fragments.

A specific DNA sequence that allows the vector to replicate autonomously within a host cell.

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell.

A DNA molecule, like a plasmid, used to carry and replicate a gene of interest within a host cell.

The process of separating the two strands of a DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. This is achieved by heating the DNA to a high temperature (usually around 95°C).

The process where short single-stranded DNA sequences called primers bind to complementary sequences on the template DNA strands. This occurs when the temperature is lowered to around 60°C, allowing the primers to anneal (attach) to the DNA.

The process where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primers, building new DNA strands that are complementary to the template strands. This occurs at the optimal temperature for the DNA polymerase (usually around 72°C).

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence. It involves three key steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Short, single-stranded DNA sequences designed to bind to specific regions of the template DNA. They act as starting points for DNA polymerase to extend and copy the DNA.

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. Plasmids can be used as vectors for gene cloning, where a gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid.

DNA sequences that read the same backward as forward. Restriction enzymes often cut at palindromic sequences, ensuring symmetrical cuts in the DNA.

The process of introducing a plasmid containing a gene of interest into a bacterial cell. This allows the bacteria to multiply and produce copies of the gene.

Verifying that bacteria have successfully taken up the plasmid containing the desired gene. This is done by growing bacteria in a medium with an antibiotic that only the plasmid-carrying bacteria can resist.

Checking if the desired gene has been correctly inserted into the plasmid. This is done by analyzing the color of colonies grown from the transformed bacteria.

A plasmid used in gene cloning contains three key features: an antibiotic resistance gene for selection, a multiple cloning site for inserting desired genes, and an origin of replication for plasmid multiplication.

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on their size. DNA is negatively charged, so it moves towards the positive electrode. Smaller fragments migrate faster through the gel matrix.

Agarose is a polysaccharide extracted from red algae. It forms a gel that serves as a matrix for separating DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis.

A DNA intercalating dye, like ethidium bromide, binds to DNA and fluoresces under UV light, making DNA fragments visible in the gel.

Ethidium bromide is a flat molecule that intercalates between the base pairs of DNA, making it fluorescent under UV light. The fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the amount of DNA present.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size. A mixture of DNA fragments is loaded into wells and an electric current is applied. Smaller fragments migrate faster through the gel, resulting in a pattern of bands representing the separated DNA fragments.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences. This allows scientists to isolate a gene of interest, and then insert it into a plasmid vector for cloning.