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Questions and Answers
Which of the following bases is NOT typically found in DNA?
Which of the following bases is NOT typically found in DNA?
- Guanine
- Uracil (correct)
- Thymine
- Adenine
RNA is a double-stranded molecule similar to DNA.
RNA is a double-stranded molecule similar to DNA.
False (B)
Name one structural difference between RNA and DNA.
Name one structural difference between RNA and DNA.
RNA is single stranded; DNA is double stranded
Unlike DNA, RNA is typically found in a ______ stranded form.
Unlike DNA, RNA is typically found in a ______ stranded form.
Which of the following is a key difference in the nitrogenous bases found in DNA versus RNA?
Which of the following is a key difference in the nitrogenous bases found in DNA versus RNA?
What is the primary role of mRNA after it departs the nucleus?
What is the primary role of mRNA after it departs the nucleus?
RRNA is directly responsible for reading the triplet code on mRNA.
RRNA is directly responsible for reading the triplet code on mRNA.
What molecule links the triplet code on mRNA to a specific amino acid?
What molecule links the triplet code on mRNA to a specific amino acid?
Which chemical linkage joins adjacent nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
Which chemical linkage joins adjacent nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
In the DNA double helix, adenine always pairs with guanine, while cytosine always pairs with thymine.
In the DNA double helix, adenine always pairs with guanine, while cytosine always pairs with thymine.
During protein synthesis, mRNA travels along the rRNA molecule, allowing the ______ code to be read.
During protein synthesis, mRNA travels along the rRNA molecule, allowing the ______ code to be read.
Match the following molecules with their roles in protein synthesis:
Match the following molecules with their roles in protein synthesis:
In the context of DNA structure, what is meant by the term 'complementary' when describing the relationship between the two strands?
In the context of DNA structure, what is meant by the term 'complementary' when describing the relationship between the two strands?
In the DNA double helix, the sugar-phosphate backbone is located on the ______ of the helix, while the nitrogenous bases are oriented towards the ______.
In the DNA double helix, the sugar-phosphate backbone is located on the ______ of the helix, while the nitrogenous bases are oriented towards the ______.
Match each nitrogenous base with its correct pairing partner in DNA:
Match each nitrogenous base with its correct pairing partner in DNA:
In RNA base pairing, which base pairs with adenine?
In RNA base pairing, which base pairs with adenine?
During DNA replication, the original double helix remains intact and serves as the final product.
During DNA replication, the original double helix remains intact and serves as the final product.
What role does a template strand of DNA play in DNA replication?
What role does a template strand of DNA play in DNA replication?
During DNA replication, an __________ catalyses the adding of the new nucleotide into the growing chain.
During DNA replication, an __________ catalyses the adding of the new nucleotide into the growing chain.
Which of the following best describes the type of strand that results from DNA replication?
Which of the following best describes the type of strand that results from DNA replication?
In the process of replication, what is the significance of the 3' end of the growing nucleotide chain?
In the process of replication, what is the significance of the 3' end of the growing nucleotide chain?
Transcription is the process where RNA is copied by DNA.
Transcription is the process where RNA is copied by DNA.
How does RNA replication relate to DNA?
How does RNA replication relate to DNA?
Flashcards
Deoxyribonucleotides
Deoxyribonucleotides
Deoxyribonucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, including adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Adenine (A)
Adenine (A)
Adenine is a nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairing with thymine (T) in DNA.
Guanine (G)
Guanine (G)
Guanine is a nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA.
Thymine (T)
Thymine (T)
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RNA Structure
RNA Structure
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mRNA
mRNA
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RNA Translation
RNA Translation
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rRNA
rRNA
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Triplet Code
Triplet Code
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tRNA
tRNA
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What are Nucleotides?
What are Nucleotides?
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DNA's Primary Structure
DNA's Primary Structure
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DNA's Secondary Structure
DNA's Secondary Structure
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DNA Base Pairing?
DNA Base Pairing?
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Hydrogen Bonds in Base Pairs
Hydrogen Bonds in Base Pairs
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RNA secondary structure
RNA secondary structure
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RNA base pairing: A and ?
RNA base pairing: A and ?
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DNA base pairing: A and ?
DNA base pairing: A and ?
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Guanine pairs with...
Guanine pairs with...
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DNA replication
DNA replication
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Template strand function
Template strand function
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Enzyme role in DNA replication
Enzyme role in DNA replication
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Transcription
Transcription
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Study Notes
- DNA structure includes nucleotides, primary structure, and secondary structure (double helix).
Nucleotides
- Made of phosphate, sugar, and nucleic acid base.
Primary Structure
- Includes four possible bases: two bicyclic purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidine structures (cytosine and thymine).
- Phosphate groups join the bases together.
- Phosphate links the 5'-hydroxyl group to the 3'-hydroxyl group of another.
- Bases are arranged in random order.
Secondary Structure
- Double helix form.
- Sugar-phosphate backbone is ionized and faces outwards.
- Nucleic acid bases point inward and pair up at A-T or G-C.
- Purine pairs with pyrimidine and maintains a constant diameter to helix.
- Base pairs are stacked via VDW interactions.
- Chains are complementary.
- G-C involves three hydrogen bonds.
- A-T involves two hydrogen bonds.
Deoxyribonucleotides
- The common structures include:
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
RNA structure
- Single-stranded, unlike DNA, which is double-stranded.
- Some regions of helical secondary structure result from base pairing within the same strand.
- In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine, unlike DNA, where T-A.
Replication
- Double helix splits, and each original acts as a template for construction.
- Template has exposed bases, which pair with individual nucleotides to form triphosphates.
- An enzyme catalyzes the splicing (adding) of the new nucleotide into the growing chain.
- The process involves each new nucleotide reacting with the 3' end of the growing chain.
Transcription
- DNA is copied by mRNA.
- The double helix unwinds and stretches to be exposed as a template on which mRNA is built.
- Once complete, the mRNA departs the nucleus, and the DNA reforms its double helix.
Translation
- rRNA makes up the major component of ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis (translation).
- mRNA binds to one end of the RNA molecule and travels along to the other end, allowing the triplet code to be read.
- Process catalyses the construction of the protein molecule one amino acid at a time.
- tRNA links the triplet code on mRNA to a specific amino acid.
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Description
Explore the structure of DNA, including nucleotides, primary structure with bases like adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, and the double helix secondary structure. Understand base pairing rules (A-T, G-C) and the role of hydrogen bonds.
