Urinary System Microanatomy- Pt 2
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Questions and Answers

What type of epithelial cells are present in the Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT)?

  • Simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells with basal striations (correct)
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli
  • Simple squamous epithelium

    • What is the site of action for aldosterone?

  • Collecting ducts
  • Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT) (correct)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule

    • What is the function of principal cells in the collecting ducts?

  • Produce ADH
  • Participate in acid-base balance
  • Reabsorb sodium and water (correct)
  • Regulate blood pressure

    • What is the role of intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Participate in acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ADH in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Reabsorb solute-free water and return it to circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminal portion of the collecting ducts?

    <p>Papillary ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vasa recta?

    <p>Take away water passing through collecting and papillary ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidney?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the arcuate artery in the kidney?

    <p>Between the renal cortex and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is prominent in the inner medulla and produces prostaglandin E2?

    <p>Lipid-laden interstitial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the interstitium in the kidney?

    <p>To support the functionality of kidney cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lymphatics found in the kidney?

    <p>Surrounding the intraarterial arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the efferent arterioles?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of innervation do the kidneys have to the smooth muscle arteries?

    <p>Efferent innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aldosterone in the Distal Convoluted Tubules?

    <p>To increase sodium and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the tunica mucosa in the ureters?

    <p>Urothelium and lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica muscularis in the ureters?

    <p>To facilitate peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the tunica submucosa in the ureters?

    <p>Lamina propria only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the urinary bladder of horses?

    <p>It has glands that produce a cloudy, white urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

    <p>To facilitate urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the urethra similar to?

    <p>The ureters and urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphincter in the urinary bladder?

    <p>To prevent urine leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is present in the proximal part of the urethra?

    <p>Urothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands are diffuse in ruminant, boar, and cats?

    <p>Mucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of muscle present in the tunica muscularis/urethral sphincter proximal to the bladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the kidneys in embryology?

    <p>Intermediate mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the pronephros in mammals?

    <p>It regresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the urinary bladder and urethra in embryology?

    <p>Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the metanephros in renal development?

    <p>It plays a role in ureteric bud formation, collecting tubule formation, and nephron development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the mesonephros in females?

    <p>It regresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the layers of tubular organs from deep to superficial?

    <p>Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Macula Densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To sense sodium concentrations in filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased sodium levels in the distal convoluted tubules on the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>Stimulation of Macula Densa and increase in renin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To detect variations in blood pressure and secrete renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of renin secretion on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2?

    <p>Lungs and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica mucosa in tubular organs?

    <p>To absorb nutrients from the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term.

    <p>5 = Distal convoluted tubule 7 = Macula densa 9 = Proximal convoluted tubule 12 = Urinary space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term.

    <p>1 = Proximal convoluted tubule 2 = Parietal layer 4 = Bowmans space 5 = Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term.

    <p>1 = Afferent arteriole 6 = Juxtaglomerular cells 7 = Macula densa 2 = Bowmans capsule (parietal layer)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT)

    • The DCT continues from the thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
    • Composed of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells with basal striations, but lacks microvilli (brush border)
    • Found only in the cortex of the kidneys, and is the site of action for aldosterone
    • Contains specialized chemoreceptor cells of the macula densa

    Collecting Ducts

    • Connect the DCT to the renal papillae/crest, and are not considered part of the nephron
    • Have a lumen containing primitive urine
    • Lined by simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium, composed of principal and intercalated cells
    • Principal cells function to reabsorb sodium and water
    • Intercalated cells participate in acid-base balance
    • Site of action for ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) via aquaporin receptors

    Renal Papilla (Papillary Ducts)

    • Terminal portion of the collecting ducts, emptying at the area cribrosa of the renal crest (or renal papilla)
    • Renal crest may be referred to as the renal papilla, depending on the species
    • Vasa recta functions to take away water passing through collecting and papillary ducts

    Vasculature

    • High blood supply (25% cardiac output) at the terminal (end) artery system
    • Artery vasculature includes: renal artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, and intralobular (arcuate) artery
    • Arcuate artery is located directly between the cortex and medulla of the kidneys
    • Vein vasculature includes: intralobular vein, interlobular vein, and arcuate vein
    • Afferent arterioles include the glomerulus (capillaries)
    • Efferent arterioles include the peritubular capillaries (surround tubules), and vasa recta (surround loops of Henle)

    Urinary System: General Info

    • Interstitium is sparse in the cortex and supports kidney cell functionality
    • More interstitium is present in the medulla
    • Interstitial cells include fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, and a unique lipid-laden interstitial cell (stellate-shaped) prominent in the inner medulla
    • Medulla is the site of prostaglandin (E2) production
    • Lymphatics are found in the interstitium surrounding the intraarterial arteries
    • Kidneys have efferent innervation to the smooth muscle arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles, and descending vasa recta
    • Tubular organs have 4 layers (tunics/tela), which are: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa/adventitia

    Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

    • Macula densa cells (part of DCT wall) are sodium chemoreceptors that sense sodium concentrations in filtrate
    • Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells, mainly of afferent and slightly efferent arteriole
    • Detect variations in blood pressure (baroreceptors) and secrete renin into vessel lumen
    • Renin is secreted in response to low sodium concentrations in filtrate and low blood pressure

    Cause and Effect

    • Decreased blood pressure at afferent arterioles stimulates juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
    • Decreased sodium levels in DCT stimulates Macula Densa, leading to juxtaglomerular cells releasing renin
    • Renin increases blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, then angiotensin 2, and finally aldosterone
    • Aldosterone works to increase sodium and water retention at the DCT, resulting in increased blood pressure

    Ureters

    • Function to convey urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
    • Tunica mucosa is composed of urothelium (transitional epithelium) which flattens when stretched
    • Tunica submucosa is composed of lamina propria lacking a lamina muscularis
    • Tunica muscularis is composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle and autonomic innervation for peristalsis
    • Tunica adventitia is the outermost layer

    Urinary Bladder

    • Functions to store urine
    • Composed of all 4 tunics
    • Tunica mucosa is composed of urothelium and has lamina present with lamina muscularis (as thin incomplete bands of smooth muscle)
    • Tunica submucosa is above the tunica mucosa layer
    • Tunica muscularis is above the tunica submucosa layer and has 3 layers of smooth muscle
    • Smooth muscle makes up the detrusor muscle
    • Skeletal muscle makes up the sphincter near the urethra
    • Tunica serosa/adventitia is above the tunica muscularis

    Urethra

    • Structure similar to ureters and urinary bladder
    • Urothelium proximally, and stratified squamous epithelium distally
    • Has accessory sex glands and mucous glands
    • Mucous glands are diffuse in ruminant, boar, and cats
    • In males, has a vascular stratum (corpus spongiosum) and tunica muscularis/urethral sphincter
    • In females, urethra is shorter than in males
    • Lined initially with transitional epithelium (urothelial) and then stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice

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    7- Urinary System Microanatomy- Pt 2.docx

    Description

    This quiz tests your knowledge of Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT) in kidney anatomy, including its composition, location, and functions. Learn about the role of aldosterone and macula densa cells in the DCT.

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