Nephrology: Nephron and Renal Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do struvite crystals consist of?

Uric Acid, Calcium

Phosphate, Ammonium, Magnesium (correct)

Sulfates, Calcium

Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium

What does a high count of neutrophils in urine indicate?

Dehydration

Inflammation (correct)

High blood sugar

Vitamin deficiency

What condition is denoted by the presence of leukocyte cast or mixed leukocyte-epithelial cell cast in urine?

Renal Origin (correct)

Prostate Enlargement

Blocked Kidney Stone

Bladder Infection

What is the significance of having more than 8 neutrophils per microliter in the clean catch urine specimen of women with acute urethral syndrome?

Presence of Pyuria and Dysuria Signup and view all the answers

What does a urinary neutrophil count of more than 30 per high-power field suggest?

Acute Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about dipstick tests for proteinuria is correct?

False-positive results can occur with alkaline urine and gross hematuria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of sterile pyuria?

Urinary tract infection (UTI) with Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells found in urine sediment is indicative of acute tubular necrosis?

Renal tubular epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of casts found in urine sediment is suggestive of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)?

Leukocyte casts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings in urine sediment is indicative of glomerular nephritis?

Red blood cell casts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about urine sediment analysis is correct?

The severity of acute kidney injury correlates with the number of casts and epithelial cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nephron's functional units is correct?

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs all carbohydrates, proteins, and potassium. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is correct?

The loop of Henle contains $Na^+/K^+/2Cl^-$ cotransporters that reabsorb these electrolytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the collecting duct is correct?

The collecting duct contains intercalated cells that excrete hydrogen ions, controlled by aldosterone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an endogenous filtration marker used to assess kidney function?

Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is an example of a congenital or acquired structural abnormality of the kidney?

Unilateral agenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transporters is found in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

$NaCl$ cotransporter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Struvite Crystals

Struvite crystals consist of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Neutrophils in Urine

A high count of neutrophils in urine indicates an inflammatory response, often linked to urinary tract infections (UTIs).
More than 8 neutrophils per microliter in women with acute urethral syndrome suggests a significant inflammatory process, possibly indicating UTI.

Leukocyte Casts in Urine

Presence of leukocyte cast or mixed leukocyte-epithelial cell cast in urine denotes acute interstitial nephritis (AIN).

Urinary Neutrophil Count

A urinary neutrophil count exceeding 30 per high-power field suggests an acute inflammatory process, commonly seen in infections.
Clean catch urine specimens with a count over 8 neutrophils may indicate a diagnosis of UTI or urethral inflammation.

Dipstick Tests for Proteinuria

Correct statements about dipstick tests for proteinuria should highlight that they primarily detect albumin and not other protein types.

Causes of Sterile Pyuria

Conditions that do NOT cause sterile pyuria include urinary tract infections or bacterial infections, as these typically produce pyuria.

Urine Sediment Indicators

Cells found in urine sediment indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) include renal tubular epithelial cells.
Eosinophil casts or white blood cell casts suggest acute interstitial nephritis (AIN).
Glomerular nephritis is indicated by the presence of red blood cell casts in urine sediment.

Urine Sediment Analysis

Statements about urine sediment analysis correctly state that it helps identify cell types, crystals, and casts, aiding in diagnosing renal conditions.

Nephron Functional Units

The nephron's functional units include the glomerulus and associated tubules, crucial for filtration and reabsorption.

Loop of Henle

The loop of Henle is responsible for concentrating urine by establishing a gradient for salt reabsorption.

Collecting Duct

The collecting duct plays a role in water reabsorption regulated by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Endogenous Filtration Marker

Creatinine is an endogenous marker commonly used to assess kidney function.

Congenital or Acquired Structural Abnormalities

Conditions such as polycystic kidney disease exemplify congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the kidney.

Distal Convoluted Tubule Transporters

Sodium-chloride co-transporters are found in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), involved in salt reabsorption.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, and its components such as glomeruli, PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT. Learn about the reabsorption and secretion processes of different substances in the nephron.