37 Questions
What is the term used to describe the increase in the size of cells without an increase in their number?
Physiological hypertrophy
What is the term used to describe the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ?
Pathological hyperplasia
Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
Liver regeneration
What is the term used to describe the reduction in cell size or number, or both?
Pathological atrophy
What is the genetic disorder characterized by short stature and caused by a mutation in the SHOX gene?
Turner's Syndrome
Which of the following is an example of physiological atrophy?
Muscle atrophy due to lack of use
What is the main consequence of inheriting two copies of a chromosome from one parent and none from the other?
Overgrowth, especially in early childhood
What is a common condition associated with increased IGF-1 and growth hormone levels?
Pituitary gigantism
Which of the following statements about FGFR3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3) is correct?
Wildtype FGFR3 suppresses growth
Which condition is associated with mutations in the FGFR3 gene?
Achondroplasia
According to the information provided, which statement is true about the effect of FGFR3 mutations on chondrocytes?
Mutations in FGFR3 have the most significant effect on chondrocytes
Which of the following best describes metaplasia?
A change of differentiated cell type in response to an altered cellular environment
Which of the following is an example of metaplasia?
The epithelium of the trachea and bronchi in smokers changing from columnar to squamous
What is the main characteristic of dysplasia?
Increased cell proliferation with atypical morphology and decreased differentiation
What term is used to describe the failure of an organ or structure to develop properly?
Anomalies of organogenesis
Which of the following is an example of atresia?
Oesophageal atresia
What is the defining characteristic of Wilm's Tumour?
It is a developmental malignancy that can contain cartilage, bone, and smooth muscle
What is the term used to describe the increased size of cells without an increase in their number?
Hypertrophy
Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
Liver regeneration
What is the genetic disorder characterized by short stature and caused by a mutation in the SHOX gene?
Turner's Syndrome
Which of the following is an example of physiological atrophy?
Atrophy due to aging
What is the term used to describe the reduction in cell size or number, or both?
Atrophy
What is the main characteristic of dysplasia?
Abnormal cell differentiation and organization
What is the consequence of inheriting two copies of a chromosome from one parent and none from the other?
Increased expression of IGF-II
Which condition is characterized by disproportionate alterations of skeletal growth?
Achondroplasia
What is the main effect of FGFR3 loss on growth?
Decreased growth due to FGFR3 suppressing growth
Which characteristic is associated with Pituitary Gigantism?
Height of 6 ft 5 inches (195cm) at age 12
What is the most significant effect of an FGFR3 mutation on chondrocytes?
Reduced growth due to the inhibition of FGFR3 activity
Which term describes the abnormal uncoordinated excessive cell proliferation that persists even after the initiating stimulus is withdrawn?
Neoplasia
What is a defining characteristic of multicystic renal dysplasia (MRD)?
Abnormal metanephric differentiation
Which condition results from the failure of an organ or structure to develop a lumen?
Atresia
What type of cells are present in small areas of mature tissue from one organ but located in another organ?
Ectopic/heterotopic cells
What is a common feature of metaplasia in the epithelium of trachea and bronchi in smokers?
Change from squamous to columnar cells
Which term best describes a failure of organ to develop to its normal size, potentially affecting only a segment of it?
Hypoplasia
What are the factors influencing differentiation ?
All of the above
What is it called when small areas of mature tissue from one organ present in another and what is an example of this ?
Ectopia/heterotopia - endo
What is the term for failing to develop an organ or structure ?
Agenesis
Test your knowledge on disorders related to growth and differentiation, including topics like physiological hypertrophy, pathological hypertrophy, hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and atrophy.
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