Disease Transmission and Immunity Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What type of disease occurrence was created by the dengue fever transmission in Hawaii in 2019?

  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
  • Endemic
  • Outbreak (correct)

How does the World Health Organization define an excess of disease cases beyond what is normally expected?

  • Outbreak
  • Sporadic
  • Epidemic (correct)
  • Endemic

What is the term for a disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area?

  • Pandemic
  • Sporadic
  • Endemic (correct)
  • Epidemic

What term describes a sudden rise in the number of disease cases in a specific area that is beyond average expectations?

<p>Epidemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a disease outbreak that spreads across multiple countries or continents?

<p>Pandemic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is developed from previous exposure to an antigen before vaccination or natural infection?

<p>Active immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the movement of an infectious agent through the environment to a susceptible host?

<p>Vector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of indirect transmission?

<p>Foodborne transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive immunity primarily characterized by?

<p>It is gained through antibodies transferred from another individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of study are participants randomly assigned to receive different vaccines?

<p>Randomized controlled trial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes vectorborne transmission?

<p>Transfer of pathogens via an intermediary organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of immunity is specifically gained after vaccination?

<p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission occurs when an individual directly spreads infection through cough droplets?

<p>Droplet spread (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a disease that is consistently present at a low level within a specific region or population?

<p>Endemic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a disease that spreads rapidly, impacting a large number of individuals in a community or region?

<p>Epidemic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an outbreak in epidemiology?

<p>A sudden increase in disease cases in a specific area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes a disease that affects individuals sporadically at irregular intervals?

<p>Sporadic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a pandemic in relation to its geographical spread?

<p>Spreads across multiple countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'distribution' refer to in epidemiology?

<p>When (A), Agent, host, environment (B), Who (C), Where (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of epidemiology, what does 'determinants' refer to?

<p>Causes (A), Risk factors (C), Sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the epidemiologic triad?

<p>Study of endemic diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is health surveillance primarily concerned with?

<p>Collection and interpretation of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'iceberg phenomenon' in epidemiology refers to what?

<p>Registered incidence rate is lower than the true incidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is typically preferred when analyzing surveillance data?

<p>Adults aged 18-64 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of health surveillance?

<p>Implementation of public health strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'agent' refer to in the epidemiologic triad?

<p>Pathogens causing disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily analyzed in the study of endemic diseases?

<p>Prevalence and risk factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the 'who' in epidemiology?

<p>Population groups at risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with relaxed gun laws?

<p>5.0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with strict gun laws?

<p>0.2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which calculation represents the odds ratio (OR) for comparing two groups?

<p>OR = (a/b)/(c/d) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gun violence, what does a higher relative risk indicate?

<p>Higher incidence of gun violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If there were 50 shootings in a population of 100,000, what is the incidence rate of gun violence in that city?

<p>0.005 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of comparing gun violence in cities with different gun laws?

<p>To evaluate community safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods could be applied to study the relationship between gun laws and gun violence?

<p>Case-control study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the relative risk in city A is 5.0, what could this imply about the law's effectiveness?

<p>Relaxed laws may increase gun violence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a relative risk of 0.2 suggest about gun violence in the city with strict gun laws?

<p>Gun violence is less prevalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the incidence rate of gun violence in city B is 10 shootings in 100,000 population, how is it expressed as a decimal?

<p>0.01 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an appropriate conclusion from the comparison of both cities regarding gun laws?

<p>Relaxed laws lead to more violence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial when interpreting relative risk in public health studies?

<p>Size and diversity of the population studied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the information on gun violence influence public policy?

<p>To develop stricter gun control measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention is highlighted when providing education about healthy habits to diabetic patients?

<p>Tertiary prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario represents primary prevention among the provided options?

<p>Rubella immunization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the statement: 'Treponema pallidum is a necessary cause for syphilis'?

<p>It must be present for the disease to develop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is alcohol consumption categorized in relation to developing cirrhosis?

<p>Not necessary, not sufficient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In public health terms, what is described by the act of marking water sources near cholera cases?

<p>Distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the calculation of cumulative incidence, which dates are used in the given scenario?

<p>June 1 to August 30 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a high mortality rate in relation to a disease?

<p>High incidence of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity represents the application of health data through frequency tabulation?

<p>Clinical sign aggregation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct designation for high blood pressure screening among individuals older than 50?

<p>Secondary prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a sufficient cause regarding HIV infection and AIDS?

<p>It guarantees the outcome by itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a gene mutation associated with Tay-Sachs classified?

<p>A necessary cause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if the prevalence of a disease is low?

<p>High mortality rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'risk factor' specifically refer to in health discussions?

<p>A characteristic increasing disease likelihood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of healthcare, how is high prevalence most correctly associated with population trends?

<p>Represents widespread health issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Outbreak

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific area, often above what is normally expected.

Endemic

A disease that is constantly present in a specific region or population.

Pandemic

A disease that spreads rapidly over a wide geographical area, affecting a large number of people.

Epidemic

The occurrence of a disease in a community or region that is higher than normal expectancy.

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Sporadic

Cases of a disease that occur infrequently and randomly, scattered over a wide geographical area.

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Distribution in Epidemiology

The distribution of a disease in a population refers to the frequency, pattern, and spread of the disease across various groups and locations.

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Determinants in Epidemiology

In epidemiology, "determinants" encompass factors that influence the occurrence or distribution of disease. This includes causes, sources, risk factors, and agents.

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Epidemiologic Triad

The epidemiologic triad is a model that illustrates the interaction between the host, agent, and environment in causing disease. Time, place, and person are not part of the triad.

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Health Surveillance

Health surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to monitor health events and trends in a population. This includes data collection, analysis, and program monitoring.

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Iceberg Phenomenon

The "iceberg phenomenon" describes the discrepancy between the observed (reported) incidence of disease and the actual (true) incidence. Many cases may go unreported or undiagnosed, similar to an iceberg's hidden mass.

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Age Grouping in Surveillance Data

When analyzing surveillance data by age, it is often preferred to use age groups rather than single years. This helps to improve the clarity and reliability of the findings by grouping similar age categories together.

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Prevalence

Prevalence measures the proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a specific time.

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Incidence

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specific time period.

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Mode of Transmission

A way infectious agents travel from one place to another, such as through air, water, food, or vectors.

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Vector

A living organism that carries a disease from one host to another, like a mosquito carrying malaria.

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Active Immunity

The development of immunity after exposure to an agent, either through vaccination or natural infection.

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Passive Immunity

Immunity gained through external sources, such as receiving antibodies from another person or animal.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

A study where participants are randomly assigned to different groups (e.g., vaccine or placebo).

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Droplet Spread

The spread of an infectious agent through tiny particles of saliva or mucus, often expelled when someone coughs or sneezes.

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Vehicleborne Transmission

Transmission of infectious agents through contaminated items, like contaminated water, food, or medical equipment.

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Direct Contact

The spread of infection through direct contact with an infected person or animal, or their bodily fluids.

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Sporadic Disease

A disease that occurs infrequently and randomly, scattered over a wide geographical area.

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Endemic Disease

A disease that consistently present at a low level but limited to a particular region or population.

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Epidemic Disease

A disease which spreads rapidly, affecting a large number of people within a community, population or region.

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Pandemic Disease

A disease that spreads rapidly over a wide geographical area, affecting a large number of people.

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What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with relaxed gun laws?

The relative risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring in one group to the probability of the event occurring in another group. In this case, it is the ratio of the probability of a shooting occurring in the city with relaxed gun laws to the probability of a shooting occurring in the city with strict gun laws. The probability of a shooting occurring in the city with relaxed gun laws is 50/100,000 = 0.0005, and the probability of a shooting occurring in the city with strict gun laws, which is 10/100,000 = 0.0001. Therefore, the relative risk of gun violence in the city with relaxed gun laws to the city with strict gun laws is 0.0005/0.0001 = 5.0

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What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with strict gun laws?

The relative risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring in one group to the probability of the event occurring in another group. In this case, we are comparing the probability of gun violence in the city with strict gun laws to the city with relaxed gun laws. The probability of a shooting occurring in the city with relaxed gun laws is 50/100,000 = 0.0005, and the probability of a shooting occurring in the city with strict gun laws is 10/100,000 = 0.0001. Therefore, the relative risk of gun violence in the city with strict gun laws to the city with relaxed gun laws is 0.0001/0.0005 = 0.2

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What is the formula for calculating an odds ratio?

The odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome.

It is the ratio of the odds of the outcome in the exposed group to the odds of the outcome in the unexposed group. The formula for calculating an odds ratio is:

OR = (a/b)/(c/d)

Where:

  • a is the number of exposed individuals with the outcome
  • b is the number of exposed individuals without the outcome
  • c is the number of unexposed individuals with the outcome
  • d is the number of unexposed individuals without the outcome
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What is an advantage of a case-control study?

A case-control study is a type of observational study that compares people with a particular disease (cases) to people without the disease (controls). The study is designed to investigate whether there is an association between a certain exposure and the disease. One advantage of a case-control study is that they are relatively inexpensive and quick to conduct, allowing for efficient gathering of information about factors related to diseases, especially rare conditions.

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Point Prevalence

The proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease at a particular time.

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Cumulative Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease that occur within a defined period in a specific population.

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Incidence Rate

A measure of the rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specified time period.

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Proportion

A measure of the proportion of individuals with a specific characteristic or exposure among those who have a particular outcome.

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Rate

A measure of the frequency of an event or characteristic in a defined population.

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Attributable Risk

A measure of the risk of developing a disease or outcome associated with a specific exposure or factor.

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Primary Prevention

Actions taken to prevent disease before it develops.

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Secondary Prevention

Actions taken to prevent the progression of disease after it has developed but before symptoms appear.

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Tertiary Prevention

Actions taken to reduce the impact of disease after it has become symptomatic.

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Necessary Cause

A factor or exposure necessary for the development of a disease.

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Sufficient Cause

A factor or exposure that alone is sufficient to produce a disease.

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Disease Distribution

The distribution of disease across different groups and locations in a population.

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Disease Determinants

The factors that influence the occurrence or distribution of disease, including causes, risk factors, and sources.

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Study Notes

Study Notes

  • The provided pages appear to be a spreadsheet or data table.
  • Data includes various categories, likely representing different aspects of a study or research project.
  • Columns likely contain information such as descriptions, codes, quantities, or dates.
  • The presence of highlighted or colored cells suggests specific information or categories within the data.
  • The data seems incomplete or truncated due to the lack of context regarding the subject or purpose of the research.
  • Questions about the type of study and researcher bias were present in the document.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts related to disease transmission, outbreaks, and immunity. It includes questions about definitions and examples of disease occurrences, particularly in the context of dengue fever. Test your understanding of these essential epidemiological terms and principles.

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