Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of herd immunity in the context of vaccine protection?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of herd immunity in the context of vaccine protection?
- A person who receives a flu vaccine is protected from contracting the flu during flu season.
- A person builds immunity to a disease after recovering from it, preventing future infections.
- A community achieves high vaccination rates, leading to a decrease in the spread of a contagious disease, protecting even those who are not vaccinated. (correct)
- A hospital implements strict hygiene protocols to prevent the spread of infections within its facilities.
A public health official is investigating an increase in the number of measles cases in a community that had previously been well-vaccinated. Which of the following factors could be the MOST likely reason for this resurgence?
A public health official is investigating an increase in the number of measles cases in a community that had previously been well-vaccinated. Which of the following factors could be the MOST likely reason for this resurgence?
- The natural weakening of the measles virus over time.
- A decrease in the average age of the population.
- Improved sanitation and hygiene practices reducing exposure to the virus.
- Increased global travel introducing the virus from regions with lower vaccination rates. (correct)
A new disease emerges, and health officials are tracking its spread. They observe a high number of new cases within a short period but a relatively stable number of total cases over a longer time. What can be inferred from this observation?
A new disease emerges, and health officials are tracking its spread. They observe a high number of new cases within a short period but a relatively stable number of total cases over a longer time. What can be inferred from this observation?
- The disease has a low incidence and is difficult to treat.
- The disease has a high prevalence and is easily transmitted.
- The disease is endemic and primarily affects older adults.
- The disease has a high mortality rate or a quick recovery rate. (correct)
Which of the following public health initiatives represents a primary prevention strategy against communicable diseases?
Which of the following public health initiatives represents a primary prevention strategy against communicable diseases?
Which scenario exemplifies an indirect mode of disease transmission?
Which scenario exemplifies an indirect mode of disease transmission?
A community health program aims to reduce obesity rates by implementing a walking initiative and nutritional education classes. Applying the PERIE approach, which step would involve assessing the actual impact of these interventions on obesity rates in the community?
A community health program aims to reduce obesity rates by implementing a walking initiative and nutritional education classes. Applying the PERIE approach, which step would involve assessing the actual impact of these interventions on obesity rates in the community?
Which scenario exemplifies the principle of 'Justice' as outlined in the Belmont Report?
Which scenario exemplifies the principle of 'Justice' as outlined in the Belmont Report?
A public health campaign is launched to promote physical activity. Which of the following strategies reflects a primary prevention approach?
A public health campaign is launched to promote physical activity. Which of the following strategies reflects a primary prevention approach?
A public health initiative aims to reduce childhood obesity rates in a specific community. Applying the Health Impact Pyramid, which intervention would likely have the broadest impact on the population?
A public health initiative aims to reduce childhood obesity rates in a specific community. Applying the Health Impact Pyramid, which intervention would likely have the broadest impact on the population?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reciprocal determinism within the Social Cognitive Theory?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reciprocal determinism within the Social Cognitive Theory?
In response to a sudden outbreak of foodborne illness, public health officials are working to identify the source and prevent further cases. Which of the following activities would be considered part of the 'Assessment' core function of public health?
In response to a sudden outbreak of foodborne illness, public health officials are working to identify the source and prevent further cases. Which of the following activities would be considered part of the 'Assessment' core function of public health?
In the context of establishing the cause of a disease, which criterion is best described as the degree to which the risk of disease increases with greater exposure to a factor?
In the context of establishing the cause of a disease, which criterion is best described as the degree to which the risk of disease increases with greater exposure to a factor?
An IRB is reviewing a research proposal that involves collecting sensitive data from a vulnerable population. Which of the following considerations aligns most closely with the ethical principle of 'Respect for Persons'?
An IRB is reviewing a research proposal that involves collecting sensitive data from a vulnerable population. Which of the following considerations aligns most closely with the ethical principle of 'Respect for Persons'?
Using the BIG GEMS model, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the influence of 'Geography' on disease?
Using the BIG GEMS model, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the influence of 'Geography' on disease?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of 'health equity' in a public health intervention?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of 'health equity' in a public health intervention?
Which health theory emphasizes the importance of considering overlapping social identities like race, gender, and socioeconomic status in understanding health experiences?
Which health theory emphasizes the importance of considering overlapping social identities like race, gender, and socioeconomic status in understanding health experiences?
A researcher is designing a study to investigate the potential link between exposure to air pollution and the development of asthma in children. They enroll a group of children with asthma and a group without asthma, then collect historical data on their past exposure to air pollution. Which study type is the researcher using?
A researcher is designing a study to investigate the potential link between exposure to air pollution and the development of asthma in children. They enroll a group of children with asthma and a group without asthma, then collect historical data on their past exposure to air pollution. Which study type is the researcher using?
During the 'Hygiene Movement' era of public health (1840-1870s), which of the following approaches was most emphasized?
During the 'Hygiene Movement' era of public health (1840-1870s), which of the following approaches was most emphasized?
A public health program aims to increase mammography screening rates among women aged 50-74. According to the Social Ecological Model, which strategy would address factors at the organizational level?
A public health program aims to increase mammography screening rates among women aged 50-74. According to the Social Ecological Model, which strategy would address factors at the organizational level?
How did John Snow's investigation of the cholera outbreak in London contribute to the field of public health?
How did John Snow's investigation of the cholera outbreak in London contribute to the field of public health?
Which activity falls under the 'Policy Development' core function of public health?
Which activity falls under the 'Policy Development' core function of public health?
Flashcards
Public Health
Public Health
Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized societal efforts.
Global Health
Global Health
Health issues transcending national borders needing international cooperation.
Health Impact Pyramid
Health Impact Pyramid
Framework showing the impact of different public health interventions, from socioeconomic factors to counseling.
Core Functions of Public Health
Core Functions of Public Health
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BIG GEMS
BIG GEMS
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Social Ecological Model
Social Ecological Model
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Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
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Health Equity
Health Equity
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Health Disparities
Health Disparities
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Market Justice
Market Justice
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Social Justice
Social Justice
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Belmont Report Principles
Belmont Report Principles
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Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention
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Secondary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
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Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
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Modes of Disease Transmission
Modes of Disease Transmission
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Disease Classifications
Disease Classifications
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Morbidity, Mortality, Incidence, Prevalence
Morbidity, Mortality, Incidence, Prevalence
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Public Health Surveillance
Public Health Surveillance
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Study Notes
- Public Health: The practice and science of improving health through organized community efforts to prevent disease and prolong life.
- Global Health: Health issues transcending national boundaries, which requires international cooperation.
Health Impact Pyramid
- Socioeconomic factors like poverty alleviation have the most impact.
- Making healthy decisions easy, such as water fluoridation, is very effective.
- Long-lasting protective interventions include vaccinations.
- Clinical interventions involve treatments like hypertension management.
- Counseling & Education are programs such as smoking cessation.
Core Functions of Public Health
- Assessment involves monitoring health and diagnosing issues.
- Policy Development informs policies and mobilizes partnerships.
- Assurance includes enforcing laws and ensuring a competent workforce.
BIG GEMS Model (Determinants of Disease)
- Key factors include Behavior, Infection, Genetics, Geography, Environment, Medical care, and Socioeconomic-cultural factors.
Social Ecological Model of Health
- Explains the influence of individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal factors on health.
Key Figures in Public Health History
- John Snow: Cholera & epidemiology
- Edward Jenner: Smallpox vaccine
- Florence Nightingale: Sanitation and nursing
Eras of Public Health
- Health Protection Era (Antiquity-1830s): Religious and cultural beliefs, quarantine measures.
- Hygiene Movement (1840-1870s): Sanitation, miasma theory.
- Contagion Control (1880-1940s): Germ theory, vaccines were key.
- Preventive Medicine (1950s-mid 1980s): Screening, lifestyle changes became important.
- Health Promotion (Mid-1980s-2000s): Focus on behavior change and policies.
- Population Health (2000s-present): Holistic, global approaches are emphasized.
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
- These are conditions in which people live, learn, work and play and they impact health.
- SDOH include economic stability, education, healthcare access, environment, and social context.
Health Equity vs. Health Equality
- Equality means everyone gets the same resources.
- Equity means resources are distributed based on individual needs to ensure fairness.
- Health Disparities are differences in health outcomes among groups due to socioeconomic, racial, or geographical factors.
- Factors contributing to these disparities include healthcare access, discrimination, socioeconomic status, education, and cultural differences.
Health Belief Model
- Key components are perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
- Social Cognitive Theory:
- Centers on reciprocal determinism, observational learning, self-efficacy, and reinforcement.
- Transtheoretical Model categorizes stages of change that are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
- The Intersectionality Theory examines how overlapping social identities, such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, create unique health experiences.
Entities Guiding Public Health Law
- Federal entities include the CDC and FDA
- State & local governments, interstate commerce clause, police power, and individual rights are important.
- Health Policy: Laws and regulations influence public health.
- Market Justice views healthcare as an individual responsibility.
- Social Justice considers healthcare as a fundamental right.
- Institutional Review Board (IRB): An ethics committee oversees human research
- There are Belmont Report Principles that include Respect for Persons (informed consent), Beneficence (do no harm), and Justice (fair treatment).
Nuremberg Code
- Establishes ethical principles for human experimentation, including informed consent and risk minimization.
- The Belmont Report was developed in response to unethical research, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
PERIE Approach
- Guides evidence-based public health by defining the Problem, determining the Etiology, making Recommendations, Implementing interventions, and Evaluating effectiveness.
- Establishing the cause of a disease involves considering association, temporality, dose-response, and biological plausibility.
Prevention Levels
- Primary prevention aims to prevent disease through vaccines and education.
- Secondary prevention focuses on early detection through screenings.
- Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce the impact of disease through rehabilitation and treatment.
Study Types
- Case-Control studies compare individuals with a disease to those without
- Cohort studies follow people over time to observe who develops disease.
- Randomized Controlled Trials compare experimental treatments.
- Cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot in time.
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- The leading causes of death in the U.S. include heart disease and cancer.
- Common NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
- Modifiable risk factors include smoking, diet, and physical activity.
- Non-modifiable risk factors include age and genetics.
- Screening criteria for diseases must be serious, detectable early, and have effective treatment.
Communicable Diseases & Vaccines
- Reasons for Disease Resurgence:
- Include vaccine hesitancy, global travel, and antibiotic resistance.
- Modes of Transmission:
- Can be direct (person-to-person), indirect (contaminated surfaces), or vector-borne (mosquitoes).
Classification of Diseases
- Endemic diseases occur regularly e.g. flu.
- Epidemics involve an increased occurrence e.g. Ebola.
- Pandemics have global spread e.g. COVID-19.
- Sporadic diseases appear occasionally.
- The burden of disease is measured by morbidity that means disease presence, mortality which means death rates, incidence which means new cases, and prevalence which means total cases.
- High incidence and low prevalence indicates high mortality or quick recovery.
- Public Health Surveillance involves data collection via hospitals, labs, and population surveys.
Prevention of Communicable Diseases
- Primary prevention includes education and vaccination.
- Vaccines are long-lasting protective interventions in the Health Impact Pyramid.
- Vaccines protect public health through herd immunity, which reduces overall disease spread.
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Description
Examine disease transmission through scenarios and effective prevention strategies. Identify herd immunity, resurgence factors, and interpret case trends. Learn about primary prevention initiatives and indirect transmission modes.
