Disease Detectives Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is active immunity?

Resistance developed in response to environmental factors

Resistance developed without exposure to an antigen

Resistance that does not involve antibodies

Resistance developed in response to an antigen (correct)

What is an agent in the context of disease?

A factor whose presence is essential for the occurrence of a disease

What is airborne transmission?

Transfer of an agent suspended in the air

What is an analytic study?

A study comparing groups to identify associations Signup and view all the answers

What is an antigen?

A substance recognized as foreign by the body Signup and view all the answers

What is an arbovirus?

A group of viruses transmitted by arthropods Signup and view all the answers

What does association mean in epidemiology?

When one characteristic is related to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack rate?

The rate of illness experienced by a group during an outbreak Signup and view all the answers

What is an attribute in epidemiology?

A risk factor intrinsic to an individual Signup and view all the answers

What is bias in epidemiological research?

Systemic tendency that can distort data interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What is biologic transmission?

Indirect transmission by a vector with biological changes Signup and view all the answers

What is classical epidemiology?

The study of health conditions and their determinants Signup and view all the answers

What is a cluster in epidemiology?

An aggregation of disease cases over time and space Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

A third variable that distorts the exposure-health outcome relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidemiological triad?

A model with an agent, host, and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is an experimental study?

A study specifying exposure types for individuals or communities Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period?

The time from exposure to onset of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is an index case?

The first case reported to health authorities Signup and view all the answers

What is indirect transmission?

Transfer of an agent from reservoir to host through intermediaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathogen?

A biological agent that causes disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate?

The proportion of a population with a specific condition at a given time Signup and view all the answers

What is a propagated outbreak?

An outbreak that spreads from person to person Signup and view all the answers

What is quarantine?

The separation of individuals exposed to a communicable disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunity and Infection Terms

Active Immunity: Resistance developed after exposure to an antigen, resulting in antibody production by the host.
Antigen: Any foreign substance (e.g., toxins, microorganisms) recognized by the body that triggers antibody production.
Pathogen: Biological agents causing disease, primarily infectious microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans.

Disease Transmission

Agent: A microorganism, chemical, or radiation that contributes to disease occurrence.
Airborne Transmission: Transfer of agents through the air, classified as indirect transmission.
Indirect Transmission: Transfer from a reservoir to a host via air particles, inanimate objects, or living intermediaries.
Biologic Transmission: Indirect transmission where the agent undergoes biological changes in a vector before infecting a host.

Epidemiological Concepts

Analytic Study: Observational studies comparing groups to identify associations and test hypotheses; includes cohort and case-control studies.
Classical Epidemiology: The study of health condition distributions, determinants among populations, and control applications.
Clinical Epidemiology: Focuses on the application of epidemiological methods to clinical problems.
Epidemiological Triad: Model illustrating disease causation involving an agent, a susceptible host, and an environment fostering interaction.

Outbreak Metrics

Attack Rate: The rate at which a group experiences a specific outcome in a short timeframe, commonly in outbreaks.
Prevalence Rate: Proportion of a population with a specific disease at a certain time (point prevalence) or over a period (period prevalence).
Propagated Outbreak: An outbreak spreading from person to person rather than a common source.

Risk Factors and Study Design

Attribute: An inherent risk factor related to the individual, such as age, sex, or genetic susceptibility.
Confounding Variable: A third variable that distorts the relationship between exposure and health outcomes.
Experimental Study: Investigator-controlled studies determining the effects of specified exposures on health status in individuals or communities.

Disease Characteristics

Incubation Period: Time from exposure to an infectious agent to the first symptoms of the disease.
Index Case: The initial case that alerts health authorities to a disease occurrence.
Cluster: A grouping of disease cases occurring closely in time and space, highlighting the need for further investigation.

Preventive Measures

Quarantine: Isolation of individuals exposed to a communicable disease to monitor and prevent infection spread during the incubation period.
Bias: Systemic errors in data handling that might lead to inaccurate conclusions, not implying intentional deviation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms related to disease detection and immunity with these flashcards. Learn about active immunity, disease agents, and transmission methods. Perfect for students preparing for Science Olympiad competitions.