Questions and Answers
What is active immunity?
What is an agent in the context of disease?
A factor whose presence is essential for the occurrence of a disease
What is airborne transmission?
Transfer of an agent suspended in the air
What is an analytic study?
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What is an antigen?
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What is an arbovirus?
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What does association mean in epidemiology?
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What is the attack rate?
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What is an attribute in epidemiology?
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What is bias in epidemiological research?
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What is biologic transmission?
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What is classical epidemiology?
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What is a cluster in epidemiology?
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What is a confounding variable?
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What is the epidemiological triad?
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What is an experimental study?
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What is the incubation period?
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What is an index case?
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What is indirect transmission?
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What is a pathogen?
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What is the prevalence rate?
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What is a propagated outbreak?
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What is quarantine?
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Study Notes
Immunity and Infection Terms
- Active Immunity: Resistance developed after exposure to an antigen, resulting in antibody production by the host.
- Antigen: Any foreign substance (e.g., toxins, microorganisms) recognized by the body that triggers antibody production.
- Pathogen: Biological agents causing disease, primarily infectious microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans.
Disease Transmission
- Agent: A microorganism, chemical, or radiation that contributes to disease occurrence.
- Airborne Transmission: Transfer of agents through the air, classified as indirect transmission.
- Indirect Transmission: Transfer from a reservoir to a host via air particles, inanimate objects, or living intermediaries.
- Biologic Transmission: Indirect transmission where the agent undergoes biological changes in a vector before infecting a host.
Epidemiological Concepts
- Analytic Study: Observational studies comparing groups to identify associations and test hypotheses; includes cohort and case-control studies.
- Classical Epidemiology: The study of health condition distributions, determinants among populations, and control applications.
- Clinical Epidemiology: Focuses on the application of epidemiological methods to clinical problems.
- Epidemiological Triad: Model illustrating disease causation involving an agent, a susceptible host, and an environment fostering interaction.
Outbreak Metrics
- Attack Rate: The rate at which a group experiences a specific outcome in a short timeframe, commonly in outbreaks.
- Prevalence Rate: Proportion of a population with a specific disease at a certain time (point prevalence) or over a period (period prevalence).
- Propagated Outbreak: An outbreak spreading from person to person rather than a common source.
Risk Factors and Study Design
- Attribute: An inherent risk factor related to the individual, such as age, sex, or genetic susceptibility.
- Confounding Variable: A third variable that distorts the relationship between exposure and health outcomes.
- Experimental Study: Investigator-controlled studies determining the effects of specified exposures on health status in individuals or communities.
Disease Characteristics
- Incubation Period: Time from exposure to an infectious agent to the first symptoms of the disease.
- Index Case: The initial case that alerts health authorities to a disease occurrence.
- Cluster: A grouping of disease cases occurring closely in time and space, highlighting the need for further investigation.
Preventive Measures
- Quarantine: Isolation of individuals exposed to a communicable disease to monitor and prevent infection spread during the incubation period.
- Bias: Systemic errors in data handling that might lead to inaccurate conclusions, not implying intentional deviation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms related to disease detection and immunity with these flashcards. Learn about active immunity, disease agents, and transmission methods. Perfect for students preparing for Science Olympiad competitions.