Conceptual Models

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Questions and Answers

What defines primary prevention in public health?

Interventions focused on rehabilitation after injury
Early detection of disease symptoms
Providing medical treatment to affected individuals
Preventing the disease or injury process from starting (correct)

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Rehabilitation after a stroke
Screening for high blood pressure (correct)
Using seatbelts while driving
Vaccinations against infectious diseases

In the epidemiological triad, which component does 'vector' refer to?

The means through which the disease is transmitted (correct)
The person or host at risk
The environment where the disease is spread
The organism that causes the disease

What is the main focus of tertiary prevention?

Minimizing disability and improving quality of life (C) Signup and view all the answers

What stage of disease progression occurs after exposure but before symptoms appear?

Latency/incubation period (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of tertiary prevention in chronic illness?

Maintain best health possible and prevent complications (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention in infectious diseases?

HIV testing (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of primary prevention in chronic illnesses?

To limit exposure to harmful agents (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is an example of primary prevention in the context of infectious diseases?

Hand washing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the progression of chronic illness according to the model?

Accumulation of risk factors occurs before disease symptoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Preventing Disease/Injury

The best way to prevent diseases and injuries is by interrupting the chain of events leading to them. This includes targeting the host, the agent, the environment, or the vector/vehicle that contributes to the disease process.

Primary Prevention

Primary prevention aims to stop a disease/injury from ever starting. It focuses on preventing exposure to harmful factors that could trigger the disease process.

Secondary Prevention

Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention once the disease/injury process has already begun but before any symptoms appear.

Tertiary Prevention

Tertiary prevention aims to manage and rehabilitate individuals who have already experienced a disease/injury, focusing on minimizing its impact and promoting recovery.

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Public Health Preference

Public health prioritizes primary prevention, as it offers the most effective and cost-efficient approach to prevent disease/injury in the first place.

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Progression of Chronic Illness

The model that describes the overall progression of chronic diseases, starting from exposure to harmful agents and ending in death, with various stages of development and intervention.

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Progression of Infectious Disease

The model that describes the overall progression of infectious diseases, starting from exposure to pathogens and ending in death, with various stages of transmission and intervention.

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Study Notes

Disease Prevention Strategies

Public health aims to prevent diseases and injuries
Identifying intervention points (host, agent, environment, vector/vehicle) is key in the epidemiological triad
Disease progression generally follows exposure, latency/incubation, symptoms, and death
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease processes from starting
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention before full-blown disease/injury develops

Progression of Disease/Injury

Exposure to harmful agents leads to a disease/injury process initiating
Latency periods exist where symptoms may not be present
Symptoms eventually arise
Progression leads to potentially fatal outcomes

Stages of Disease Prevention

Primary Prevention: Preventing an event from ever occurring. This is the most effective method
Secondary Prevention: Identifying and intervening early when a disease/injury process has begun
Tertiary Prevention: Attempting to recover or manage health after the disease or injury has occurred and is no longer curable

Health Promotion & Illness Prevention Models

Conceptual Model for Disease Progression: illustrates how disease progresses from exposure to various outcomes (e.g. chronic illness or death)
Intervention Points: There are opportunities to intervene at different stages of the disease/injury process
Public Health Focus: Prioritizing primary prevention is crucial because it prevents the disease from arising, while secondary and tertiary prevention attempt to lessen harm.

Chronic Illness/Injury Prevention

Exposure to certain agents can lead to accumulation of harm and the development of chronic conditions
Healthy habits can diminish the amount of harm and prevent diseases and injuries such as smoking, poor diets, lack of exercise.
Primary prevention involves preventing the initial accumulation of these harmful agents. This requires exposure control.
Secondary prevention detects early signs of illness, providing a way to intervene in the disease's early phase.
Tertiary prevention focuses on maintaining the individual's physical and mental health after the illness or injury.

Infectious Disease Prevention

Infectious diseases arise from exposure, transmission, symptoms, and fatalities
Preventing transmission is vital in primary prevention
Secondary prevention emphasizes detection and intervention in the early stages of infection
Tertiary prevention seeks recovery after the infection