Epidemiology and Public Health Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of Lyme disease?

  • Deer mice feces
  • Borrelia bacteria from ticks (correct)
  • Mosquito bites
  • Contaminated water

What type of outbreak was associated with Cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee?

  • Airborne outbreak
  • Waterborne outbreak (correct)
  • Foodborne outbreak
  • Vector-borne outbreak

What does the morbidity rate measure?

  • New cases of a disease per specified population (correct)
  • Total deaths per population
  • Effectiveness of disease control
  • Incidence over a lifetime

Which disease is transmitted through aerosols from deer mice feces?

<p>Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which time period did the West Nile Virus become known for causing severe neurological illnesses?

<p>2002-2003 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of pandemic diseases overview mentioned?

<p>Zika virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting West Nile Virus?

<p>Mosquitoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best describes period prevalence?

<p>Total cases of a disease over a specific timeframe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pathology in contrast to epidemiology?

<p>Diagnoses diseases in individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes sporadic diseases?

<p>Occasionally occurring diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a pandemic disease?

<p>An outbreak occurring simultaneously in multiple countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a pathogen determines the severity of infection it can cause?

<p>Virulence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is classified as endemic?

<p>Malaria in Palawan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is characterized by being contagious?

<p>Communicable diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a portal of exit in the chain of infection?

<p>The path by which a pathogen leaves the reservoir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is responsible for the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease?

<p>Legionella pneumophila (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a susceptible host characterized by?

<p>A person with reduced immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fomites play in the chain of infection?

<p>They act as a mode of transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of zoonotic diseases?

<p>Transferred from animals to humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common question addressed in epidemiology?

<p>What pathogens are involved in disease spread? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-living reservoir of pathogens?

<p>Soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of zoonoses, which of the following is an example of an animal that transmits diseases?

<p>Bats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mode of transmission in the chain of infection?

<p>To identify how pathogens spread to hosts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is NOT typically considered a portal of entry for pathogens?

<p>Human-to-human contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transmission involves inhalation of fine infectious particles?

<p>Airborne Transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of public health agencies in controlling epidemics?

<p>Reporting communicable diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the entry points for infections be protected?

<p>Using personal protective equipment (PPE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not directly contribute to boosting host immunity?

<p>Chronic stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about living reservoirs of infection is incorrect?

<p>Only symptomatic individuals act as reservoirs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission occurs through insects and arthropods?

<p>Vector-Borne Transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of droplet transmission?

<p>Spread from respiratory droplets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a method to eliminate reservoirs?

<p>Encouraging unsafe hygiene practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of plague is considered the most contagious?

<p>Pneumonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

<p>Epidemiology and public health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the water treatment process involves the removal of debris?

<p>Filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is associated with cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal forms?

<p>Bacillus anthracis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the wastewater treatment process designed to eliminate pathogens?

<p>Disinfection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of water contamination?

<p>Algal blooms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used during secondary sewage treatment to facilitate the breakdown of organic matter?

<p>Aeration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bioweapon potential does Bacillus anthracis exhibit?

<p>Spore aerosolization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum?

<p>A neurotoxin causing paralysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a major public health measure to prevent epidemics?

<p>Increasing the use of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is considered a potential bioterrorism agent?

<p>Bacillus anthracis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common reservoir of infection?

<p>Contaminated food and drinking water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States?

<p>Chlamydia genital infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest waterborne epidemic ever to occur in the United States?

<p>Milwaukee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a step in the treatment of a community's drinking water?

<p>Chlorination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typhoid fever is caused by which of the following?

<p>Salmonella typhi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidemiology

The study of disease distribution, causes and prevention in populations.

Pathology

Focuses on disease manifestations and diagnosis in individuals.

Mortality rate

The number of deaths due to a disease per a specific population.

Sporadic disease

A disease that occurs occasionally and is not consistently found.

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Endemic disease

A disease that is constantly present in a specific area.

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Epidemic disease

A sudden increase in disease cases in a region.

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Pandemic disease

A global outbreak of a disease.

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Communicable disease

A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.

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Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease reported within a specific time period.

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Period Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease during a specific period of time.

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Point Prevalence

The number of cases of a disease present at a specific moment in time.

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Outbreak

A significant increase in the number of cases of a particular disease above the expected baseline in a specific area.

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Disease Surveillance

The surveillance of a disease's occurrence, distribution, and potential risk factors.

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Epidemiological Investigation

The process of studying outbreaks, identifying their cause, and implementing control measures to prevent further spread.

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Pathogen Virulence

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease, affecting the severity of the infection.

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Portal of Entry

The way a pathogen enters a host, like through a cut, breathing, or swallowing.

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Reservoir

The place where a pathogen resides, like a person, animal, or the environment.

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Portal of Exit

The path the pathogen takes to leave the reservoir, such as sneezing, coughing, or an open wound.

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Mode of Transmission

The means by which pathogens travel from the reservoir to the host, such as direct contact, through droplets, or vectors.

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Portal of Entry (New Host)

The entry point of a pathogen into a new host, similar to the portal of entry, but specifically for a fresh host.

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Susceptible Host

An individual with a weakened immune system, making them more prone to infection.

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Non-Living Reservoirs

Non-living carriers of pathogens, such as contaminated objects, air, soil, or water.

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Reservoir of Infection

A person or animal that harbors a pathogen and can transmit it to others, even if they are not showing symptoms.

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Direct Contact Transmission

Direct contact between the infected individual and the susceptible host, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual contact.

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Droplet Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

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Airborne Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through airborne particles that remain suspended in the air for extended periods.

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Vehicular Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through contaminated objects or substances, such as food, water, or medical equipment.

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Vector-Borne Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through living organisms, such as insects or animals, that serve as carriers.

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Breaking the Chain of Infection

The process of interrupting the chain of infection at any point to prevent disease spread.

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Public Health Agencies

A group of organizations focused on preventing and controlling epidemics.

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What is the CDC?

A federal agency in the U.S. responsible for public health, epidemiology, and managing infectious diseases and bioterrorism threats.

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What is plague?

A disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, with various transmission modes, including fleas and aerosols.

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What is pneumonic plague?

A severe form of plague, transmitted through inhalation, leading to respiratory complications.

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What is anthrax?

A disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, potentially used as a bioweapon, with forms including cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal.

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What is bioterrorism?

The practice of using biological agents as weapons to cause harm, fear, and chaos.

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What is sewage treatment?

The process of treating wastewater to remove contaminants and harmful microorganisms before releasing it back into the environment.

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What is water treatment?

A method used to purify water for drinking, often involving filtration, sedimentation, coagulation, and disinfection.

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What is water contamination?

The contamination of water sources with harmful substances, potentially including chemicals and biological agents.

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Botulism

A bacterial infection that causes paralysis and respiratory failure. It is caused by the neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

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Pathogens

Disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

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Study Notes

Epidemiology and Public Health

  • Pathology vs. Epidemiology: Pathology focuses on individual disease manifestations and diagnoses, while epidemiology studies disease distribution, causes, and prevention in populations.

Key Questions in Epidemiology

  • Who gets the disease?
  • What pathogens are involved?
  • Where are the pathogens found?
  • When do diseases occur?
  • Why do some areas have higher disease rates?

Key Terms in Epidemiology

  • Communicable: Transmissible from one person to another (e.g., gonorrhea, STD).
  • Contagious: Easily spread from person to person, direct or indirect contact (e.g., influenza).
  • Zoonotic: Diseases transmitted from animals to humans (e.g., rabies, Lyme disease).
  • Incidence: New cases of a disease within a specific time period.
  • Morbidity Rate: New cases per 100,000 people.
  • Period Prevalence: Total cases during a specific time period.
  • Point Prevalence: Cases at a specific moment.
  • Mortality Rate: Number of deaths due to a disease per 100,000 population.

Disease Classifications

  • Sporadic: Diseases that occur occasionally (e.g., botulism, cholera, typhoid fever).
  • Endemic: Diseases with constant presence in a specific area (e.g., malaria in Palawan).
  • Epidemic: Sudden increase in disease cases in a region (e.g., food poisoning outbreak).
  • Pandemic: Global outbreaks (e.g., COVID-19, influenza pandemics).

Examples of Major Epidemics in the U.S.

  • Legionnaires' Disease (1976): Caused by Legionella pneumophila, spread through contaminated air conditioning water.
  • E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak (1992-1993): Linked to undercooked hamburgers.
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (1993): Spread through aerosols from deer mice feces
  • Cryptosporidiosis (1993): Waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee from Cryptosporidium parvum.

Examples of Major Epidemics in the Philippines

  • 1902 cholera: Spread through contaminated water and food.
  • 2009 swine flu pandemic: Affected the Philippines.
  • 2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak: Avian influenza outbreak.
  • 2019 measles outbreak: In the Philippines.
  • 2019-2021 polio outbreak: In the Philippines.

Environmental and Social Factors Influencing Epidemics

  • Poor sanitation: Typhoid fever, cholera
  • Crowded living conditions: Influenza epidemics.
  • Travel and migration: Introduces new diseases to isolated communities

Preventive Measures in Epidemiology

  • Immunization programs
  • Public health policies for sanitation and clean water.

HIV/AIDS

  • Origin: Likely transferred from primates to humans
  • 2007 statistics: 33.2 million people were infected globally
  • 2024 statistics: 39.9 million people
  • 2.5 million new infections and 2.1 million deaths annually
  • Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for most cases and deaths

Tuberculosis (TB)

  • Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Drug Resistance: MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant) and XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant).
  • Co-infection: HIV patients are at risk of pneumonia.

COVID-19

  • Cause: SARS-CoV-2
  • Global Impact: Approximately 6.9 million according to the World Health Organization (WHO)

Interactions Among Pathogens, Hosts, and Environments

  • Pathogen virulence: Determines severity of infection.
  • Portal of Entry: Pathway pathogens enter the host (e.g., wounds, respiratory tract).

Zoonoses

  • Animals and arthropods can transmit diseases (e.g., Lyme disease, rabies)

Reservoirs of Infection

  • Living Reservoirs : Humans (e.g. symptomatic or carriers), animals (e.g. pets, livestock, or wildlife).
  • Non-Living Reservoirs : Air, soil, and water.

Modes of Transmission

  • Direct Contact
  • Droplet Transmission
  • Airborne Transmission
  • Vehicular Transmission
  • Vector-Borne Transmission

Public Health Agencies' Role

  • Reporting communicable diseases.
  • Educating the public about disease transmission and sanitation.

Key Organizations

  • World Health Organization (WHO): Established 1948.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): U.S. federal agency focused on epidemiology and public health.

Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Agents

  • Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis
  • Botulism: Clostridium botulinum
  • Smallpox: Variola major
  • Plague: Yersinia pestis

Water and Sewage Management

  • Water contamination sources: Chemical, biological (human, industrial, agricultural).
  • Water treatment processes: filtration, sedimentation, coagulation, disinfection.
  • Sewage treatment processes: Primary, secondary treatment.

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