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Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of Lyme disease?
What is the most common cause of Lyme disease?
What type of outbreak was associated with Cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee?
What type of outbreak was associated with Cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee?
What does the morbidity rate measure?
What does the morbidity rate measure?
Which disease is transmitted through aerosols from deer mice feces?
Which disease is transmitted through aerosols from deer mice feces?
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During which time period did the West Nile Virus become known for causing severe neurological illnesses?
During which time period did the West Nile Virus become known for causing severe neurological illnesses?
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Which of the following is NOT considered part of pandemic diseases overview mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT considered part of pandemic diseases overview mentioned?
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What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting West Nile Virus?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting West Nile Virus?
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Which scenario best describes period prevalence?
Which scenario best describes period prevalence?
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What is the primary focus of pathology in contrast to epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of pathology in contrast to epidemiology?
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Which of the following describes sporadic diseases?
Which of the following describes sporadic diseases?
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What defines a pandemic disease?
What defines a pandemic disease?
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What aspect of a pathogen determines the severity of infection it can cause?
What aspect of a pathogen determines the severity of infection it can cause?
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Which disease is classified as endemic?
Which disease is classified as endemic?
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Which type of disease is characterized by being contagious?
Which type of disease is characterized by being contagious?
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Which of the following best describes a portal of exit in the chain of infection?
Which of the following best describes a portal of exit in the chain of infection?
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Which pathogen is responsible for the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease?
Which pathogen is responsible for the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease?
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What is a susceptible host characterized by?
What is a susceptible host characterized by?
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What role do fomites play in the chain of infection?
What role do fomites play in the chain of infection?
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What is a key characteristic of zoonotic diseases?
What is a key characteristic of zoonotic diseases?
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What is a common question addressed in epidemiology?
What is a common question addressed in epidemiology?
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Which of the following is an example of a non-living reservoir of pathogens?
Which of the following is an example of a non-living reservoir of pathogens?
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In the context of zoonoses, which of the following is an example of an animal that transmits diseases?
In the context of zoonoses, which of the following is an example of an animal that transmits diseases?
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What is the primary function of the mode of transmission in the chain of infection?
What is the primary function of the mode of transmission in the chain of infection?
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Which pathway is NOT typically considered a portal of entry for pathogens?
Which pathway is NOT typically considered a portal of entry for pathogens?
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Which mode of transmission involves inhalation of fine infectious particles?
Which mode of transmission involves inhalation of fine infectious particles?
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What is the primary purpose of public health agencies in controlling epidemics?
What is the primary purpose of public health agencies in controlling epidemics?
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How can the entry points for infections be protected?
How can the entry points for infections be protected?
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What does not directly contribute to boosting host immunity?
What does not directly contribute to boosting host immunity?
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Which statement about living reservoirs of infection is incorrect?
Which statement about living reservoirs of infection is incorrect?
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Which type of transmission occurs through insects and arthropods?
Which type of transmission occurs through insects and arthropods?
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What is the effect of droplet transmission?
What is the effect of droplet transmission?
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What is not a method to eliminate reservoirs?
What is not a method to eliminate reservoirs?
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Which of the following forms of plague is considered the most contagious?
Which of the following forms of plague is considered the most contagious?
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What is the primary responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?
What is the primary responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?
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Which step in the water treatment process involves the removal of debris?
Which step in the water treatment process involves the removal of debris?
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Which pathogen is associated with cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal forms?
Which pathogen is associated with cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal forms?
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What is the final step in the wastewater treatment process designed to eliminate pathogens?
What is the final step in the wastewater treatment process designed to eliminate pathogens?
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Which of the following is NOT a common source of water contamination?
Which of the following is NOT a common source of water contamination?
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Which method is used during secondary sewage treatment to facilitate the breakdown of organic matter?
Which method is used during secondary sewage treatment to facilitate the breakdown of organic matter?
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What type of bioweapon potential does Bacillus anthracis exhibit?
What type of bioweapon potential does Bacillus anthracis exhibit?
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Which of the following best describes botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum?
Which of the following best describes botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum?
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Which of the following is not a major public health measure to prevent epidemics?
Which of the following is not a major public health measure to prevent epidemics?
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Which of the following organisms is considered a potential bioterrorism agent?
Which of the following organisms is considered a potential bioterrorism agent?
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Which of the following is a common reservoir of infection?
Which of the following is a common reservoir of infection?
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Which of these is the most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States?
Which of these is the most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States?
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What is the largest waterborne epidemic ever to occur in the United States?
What is the largest waterborne epidemic ever to occur in the United States?
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Which of the following is not a step in the treatment of a community's drinking water?
Which of the following is not a step in the treatment of a community's drinking water?
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Typhoid fever is caused by which of the following?
Typhoid fever is caused by which of the following?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology and Public Health
- Pathology vs. Epidemiology: Pathology focuses on individual disease manifestations and diagnoses, while epidemiology studies disease distribution, causes, and prevention in populations.
Key Questions in Epidemiology
- Who gets the disease?
- What pathogens are involved?
- Where are the pathogens found?
- When do diseases occur?
- Why do some areas have higher disease rates?
Key Terms in Epidemiology
- Communicable: Transmissible from one person to another (e.g., gonorrhea, STD).
- Contagious: Easily spread from person to person, direct or indirect contact (e.g., influenza).
- Zoonotic: Diseases transmitted from animals to humans (e.g., rabies, Lyme disease).
- Incidence: New cases of a disease within a specific time period.
- Morbidity Rate: New cases per 100,000 people.
- Period Prevalence: Total cases during a specific time period.
- Point Prevalence: Cases at a specific moment.
- Mortality Rate: Number of deaths due to a disease per 100,000 population.
Disease Classifications
- Sporadic: Diseases that occur occasionally (e.g., botulism, cholera, typhoid fever).
- Endemic: Diseases with constant presence in a specific area (e.g., malaria in Palawan).
- Epidemic: Sudden increase in disease cases in a region (e.g., food poisoning outbreak).
- Pandemic: Global outbreaks (e.g., COVID-19, influenza pandemics).
Examples of Major Epidemics in the U.S.
- Legionnaires' Disease (1976): Caused by Legionella pneumophila, spread through contaminated air conditioning water.
- E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak (1992-1993): Linked to undercooked hamburgers.
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (1993): Spread through aerosols from deer mice feces
- Cryptosporidiosis (1993): Waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee from Cryptosporidium parvum.
Examples of Major Epidemics in the Philippines
- 1902 cholera: Spread through contaminated water and food.
- 2009 swine flu pandemic: Affected the Philippines.
- 2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak: Avian influenza outbreak.
- 2019 measles outbreak: In the Philippines.
- 2019-2021 polio outbreak: In the Philippines.
Environmental and Social Factors Influencing Epidemics
- Poor sanitation: Typhoid fever, cholera
- Crowded living conditions: Influenza epidemics.
- Travel and migration: Introduces new diseases to isolated communities
Preventive Measures in Epidemiology
- Immunization programs
- Public health policies for sanitation and clean water.
HIV/AIDS
- Origin: Likely transferred from primates to humans
- 2007 statistics: 33.2 million people were infected globally
- 2024 statistics: 39.9 million people
- 2.5 million new infections and 2.1 million deaths annually
- Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for most cases and deaths
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Drug Resistance: MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant) and XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant).
- Co-infection: HIV patients are at risk of pneumonia.
COVID-19
- Cause: SARS-CoV-2
- Global Impact: Approximately 6.9 million according to the World Health Organization (WHO)
Interactions Among Pathogens, Hosts, and Environments
- Pathogen virulence: Determines severity of infection.
- Portal of Entry: Pathway pathogens enter the host (e.g., wounds, respiratory tract).
Zoonoses
- Animals and arthropods can transmit diseases (e.g., Lyme disease, rabies)
Reservoirs of Infection
- Living Reservoirs : Humans (e.g. symptomatic or carriers), animals (e.g. pets, livestock, or wildlife).
- Non-Living Reservoirs : Air, soil, and water.
Modes of Transmission
- Direct Contact
- Droplet Transmission
- Airborne Transmission
- Vehicular Transmission
- Vector-Borne Transmission
Public Health Agencies' Role
- Reporting communicable diseases.
- Educating the public about disease transmission and sanitation.
Key Organizations
- World Health Organization (WHO): Established 1948.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): U.S. federal agency focused on epidemiology and public health.
Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare Agents
- Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis
- Botulism: Clostridium botulinum
- Smallpox: Variola major
- Plague: Yersinia pestis
Water and Sewage Management
- Water contamination sources: Chemical, biological (human, industrial, agricultural).
- Water treatment processes: filtration, sedimentation, coagulation, disinfection.
- Sewage treatment processes: Primary, secondary treatment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of epidemiology and its distinction from pathology. This quiz covers key terms and questions regarding disease distribution, causes, and prevention. Dive into topics like communicable diseases, incidence, and morbidity rates.
