Disability and Special Education Overview

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Questions and Answers

What negative effect can labels have on a child?

They are always beneficial for categorization.

They enhance the child's unique qualities.

They may negatively affect the child's self-esteem. (correct)

They help children find their strengths.

What did the historical perspective on disability in the 20th century reflect?

Total acceptance of disabled individuals in society.

Consistent societal support for disabilities.

Parents were not blamed for disabilities.

Contradictions in support for people with disabilities. (correct)

Which group was established in 1949 to advocate for individuals with specific disabilities?

National Society for Autistic Children.

United Cerebral Palsy. (correct)

Association for Children with Learning Disabilities.

National Association for Retarded Children.

What year marked the establishment of the first school for the deaf in the Philippines?

1908 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of special education?

To educate students with special needs addressing their individual differences. Signup and view all the answers

What legislation was passed in June 1963 to promote education for the blind in the Philippines?

Rep.Act No. 3562. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception may arise from using disability labels?

All children in a category share similar traits. Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Philippine Normal College begin offering special education courses for teaching the blind?

1964 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of special education?

To integrate learners with special needs into the regular school system Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily responsible for dictating the curriculum in special education?

Individual needs of the child Signup and view all the answers

How many learners typically participate in a one-on-one special education scenario?

1 learner Signup and view all the answers

What kind of learners is special education designed for?

Children with specific learning disabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically included in the curriculum for special education?

Standardized test preparation for all students Signup and view all the answers

What type of instruction do special education learners generally receive from teachers?

Individualized programs based on specific needs Signup and view all the answers

Which act establishes a ten-year training program for teachers of special and exceptional children in the Philippines?

Rep.Act No. 5250 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between special education and regular education?

Special education requires individualized programs based on children's needs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'handicap' refer to in the context of disability?

A disadvantage encountered when interacting with the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible benefit of labeling exceptional children?

It provides access to accommodations and services Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of exceptional children mentioned?

Nutritional Disorders Signup and view all the answers

How does labeling exceptional children potentially lead to stigmatization?

By causing peers to reject or ridicule the labeled child Signup and view all the answers

Under the Federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (FIDEA), what must occur for a child to receive special education services?

The child must be labeled and classified into categories Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception about labels for exceptional children?

They can lead to lower expectations from teachers Signup and view all the answers

Which approach recognizes individual differences as a necessary first step in addressing exceptional needs?

Developmental Approach Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered 'at risk' in the context of disabilities?

Children who might develop a disability Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a disability from a handicap?

A disability may not impose a disadvantage. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the perspective on individuals with disabilities?

Individuals with disabilities possess many abilities. Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what is true about the inability to walk?

It can be a disadvantage in specific situations. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about disabilities is addressed in the content?

All disabilities are equivalent to handicaps. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding disabilities?

Disabilities encompass a range of abilities and characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a SPED teacher?

To meet the goals and objectives established in the IEP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a 'disability' in the context of special education?

A mental or physical challenge that significantly interferes with development Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'zero exclusion principle' under IDEA entail?

No student can be excluded from special education services based on disability Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'free and appropriate public education' (FAPE) under IDEA?

Special education services tailored to meet individual needs at no cost to parents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for eligibility for special education services?

Completion of a preliminary assessment by a SPED teacher Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

To create a tailored educational plan based on individual needs Signup and view all the answers

What does 'least restrictive environment' (LRE) refer to in context of special education?

Integrating students with disabilities into general education settings to the maximum extent possible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'handicap' as it relates to disabilities?

An external limitation affecting a person's ability to adapt to their environment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disability, Handicap and At Risk

Disability refers to a limitation in an individual's ability to perform certain tasks due to an impairment.
Handicap refers to the challenges or disadvantages a person with a disability faces when interacting with the environment.
At risk refers to children who have a higher likelihood of developing a disability.

Areas of Exceptional Children and Adults

Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education
Learning Disabilities
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
Communication Disorders
Hearing Impairment
Visual Impairment
Physical Disabilities
Giftedness

Approaches to Describing Human Difference

The Developmental Approach focuses on individual growth and development.
The Cultural Approach emphasizes social and environmental factors.
Self-Labeling allows individuals to identify and describe themselves.

Why label and classify Exceptional Children?

To qualify for special education and related services under IDEA, a child must be identified as having a disability and classified into specific categories.
Children ages 3-9 can receive special education services without a specific label if they are identified with developmental delays.

Possible Benefits of Labeling & Classification

Labeling acknowledges meaningful differences in learning or behavior, serving as a first step toward addressing those differences.
A disability label can provide access to accommodations and services not readily available to others.
Labeling may lead to increased acceptance of atypical behavior from peers.
Labels empower advocacy groups to promote specific programs and advocate for legislation.
Labels can raise visibility of exceptional children's needs to policymakers and the public.

Possible Disadvantages of Labeling & Classification

Labels can focus on deficits, overlooking strengths and potential.
Labels can stigmatize a child and lead to rejection or ridicule from peers.
Teachers may hold low expectations for labeled students and treat them differently.
Labels can negatively affect a child's self-esteem.
Disability labels are often misused as explanatory constructs.
There's a tendency to assume all individuals within a category share traits, diminishing the uniqueness of each person.

Historical Perspectives on Disability

Early Greek and Roman societies practiced selective eugenics, focusing on desirable traits.
Germany saw widespread extermination of people with disabilities.
The 20th century witnessed contradictions in societal and governmental support for people with disabilities, often blaming parents.
The Connecticut Code of 1650, a "Blue Law," restricted the rights of individuals with disabilities.

Early Organizations and Support for Individuals with Disabilities

The United Cerebral Palsy organization was established in 1949.
The 1950s saw the emergence of parent groups advocating for children's rights, including the National Association for Retarded Children.
The National Society for Autistic Children was founded in 1961.
The Association for Children with Learning Disabilities was established in 1964.

Special Education

Special education focuses on providing individualized instruction and support to students with special needs to address their unique differences and needs.
This involves tailoring teaching procedures, adapting equipment and materials, and creating accessible environments.

Brief History of SPED in the Philippines

SPED in the Philippines began in 1908 with the establishment of a school for the deaf in Harrison, Pasay City, signifying the government's recognition of its responsibility toward educating handicapped children.

School for the Deaf and Blind

Republic Act No. 3562, passed in June 1963, promoted the education of the blind in the Philippines, establishing teacher training courses and the Philippine National School for the Blind.
The Philippine Normal College offered SPED courses for teaching the blind in 1964, training 14 elementary teachers.

Special Child Study Center

In 1952, a pilot school for mentally handicapped children was established at the Philippine Women's University.
The students from this school were later transferred to the Special Child Study Center in Cubao, Q.C., in 1957.

Rep. Act No. 7277

This act aimed to provide rehabilitation, self-development, and integration into society for individuals with disabilities.
It focused on empowering disabled persons and their families.

Rep. Act No. 5250

This Act established a ten-year training program for teachers of exceptional children in the Philippines, authorizing the appropriation of funds for this program.

Goal of Special Education

Article 1, Section 5 of the Child and Youth Welfare Code (PD No. 603) states that the ultimate goal of special education is integration of mainstreaming learners with special needs into the regular school system and eventually into the community.
The objective is to meet the individual educational needs of learners and prepare them for a regular classroom setting whenever possible.

Difference Between Special Education and Regular Education

Feature	Special Education	Regular Education
Kind of Learners	Children with special needs requiring individualized programs	Regular learners
Number of Learners	One-on-one (1), small group (3-4), or resource group (5-10)	Private school (35-50) or public school (50-60 or more)
Curriculum	Based on individual needs, addressing areas like attention skills (ADHD), memory skills (MR), Braille (VI), Sign Language (HI), auditory and visual perception (LD), anger management, creative and critical thinking (giftedness), and functional academics (autism)	Traditional subject-based: English, Reading, Math, Science, Social Studies, etc.
Curriculum Dictator	Individual needs of the child	School system (DECS)
Instruction Received From	SPED teachers, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech pathologists	Regular teachers (subject teachers)
Primary Function	To meet the goals and objectives established in the Individualized Education Program (IEP)	To teach the curriculum

Changing Era

Disorder refers to a general abnormality in mental, physical, or psychological functioning.
Disability refers to a loss of physical functioning or a challenge in learning and, social adjustment that significantly affects typical growth and development.
Handicap refers to a limitation imposed on an individual's ability to adapt to environmental demands due to their disability.

A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities

There is a global movement toward education for children with disabilities.
In the United States, access to education is considered a fundamental right.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Zero Exclusion Principle: No person can be excluded from special education or related services regardless of the nature or extent of their disability.

Special education refers to specialized instruction designed for students with disabilities at no cost to the parents.
Related Services are supplementary supports necessary to ensure students benefit from special education experiences.

Two criteria must be met:
- The student must be identified as having one of the disability conditions listed in the law.
- The student must demonstrate a need for specialized instruction and related services to receive an appropriate education.

Major Provisions of IDEA

Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE): Identified students with disabilities are entitled to free and appropriate education that meets their unique needs at no cost to parents.
Nondiscriminatory and Multidisciplinary Assessment: Assessments must be unbiased, using multiple methods, and conducted by a team of professionals.
Parental Safeguards and Involvement: Parents have the right to participate in all aspects of their child's education, including assessments, IEP development, and placement decisions.
Individualized Education Program (IEP): A written plan outlining the student's educational goals, special education and related services, and how progress will be measured.
Education in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): Students with disabilities must be educated alongside their peers without disabilities to the maximum extent possible.

Myths and Facts about Disability

Myth	Fact
A disability is a handicap	A disability is an inability to do something, a lack of capacity. A handicap is a disadvantage imposed on an individual. A disability may or may not be a handicap depending on the circumstances.

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Description

This quiz explores the definitions and classifications of disabilities, handicaps, and at-risk children. It also covers various areas affecting exceptional children and adults, including multicultural aspects and different types of disorders. Understanding these concepts is crucial for anyone involved in special education.