18 Questions
What type of study design involves an intervention but lacks randomization?
Pre-post studies
Which of the following elements is NOT considered in any study design?
Treatment cost
What is a surrogate outcome in a study design?
A biomarker substituting for a clinical endpoint
How can confounding be controlled in a study design?
Through randomization
Which type of study design is most affected by confounding?
Cohort studies
What is the main purpose of matching, restriction, or randomization in a study design?
To control for confounders
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence is a 'snapshot' measure at a point in time, while incidence is measured over time
In a prospective cohort study, how are subjects followed?
Forward in time to measure outcomes as they occur
What is a major strength of cohort studies compared to case-control studies?
Can examine risk factors and exposures in detail
What is a limitation of retrospective cohort studies?
Use of historical records
What is a key element that differentiates case-control studies from cohort studies?
Enrolling subjects with the outcome and without the outcome
Which study design can infer temporal relationships between exposure and outcome?
Prospective cohort studies
What is a characteristic of case reports and case series?
Generate potential hypotheses for future investigations
What distinguishes cross-sectional studies from other study designs?
They assess exposure and outcome data at a single point in time
Why are cross-sectional studies considered relatively simple to conduct?
They measure prevalence rather than incidence
In what form do case reports and case series present information?
Describe unusual occurrences and causal mechanisms
Why is it challenging to determine temporal associations in cross-sectional studies?
They assess exposure and outcome data at one time point
What type of evidence may case reports and case series provide for certain conditions?
First report for rare conditions
Test your knowledge on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) and Case Reports in epidemiology. Learn about identifying casual pathways, unusual occurrences, and causal mechanisms within individual patient reports.
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