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Directed Acyclic Graphs and Case Reports Quiz

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Directed Acyclic Graphs and Case Reports Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of study design involves an intervention but lacks randomization?

Cross-sectional studies

Pre-post studies (correct)

Interruption time series

Case-control studies

Which of the following elements is NOT considered in any study design?

Time

Person

Place

Treatment cost (correct)

What is a surrogate outcome in a study design?

An outcome that directly measures the effect of an intervention

An outcome unrelated to the study's objectives

An outcome with guaranteed relationship to exposure

A biomarker substituting for a clinical endpoint (correct)

How can confounding be controlled in a study design?

Through randomization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is most affected by confounding?

Cohort studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of matching, restriction, or randomization in a study design?

To control for confounders Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence is a 'snapshot' measure at a point in time, while incidence is measured over time Signup and view all the answers

In a prospective cohort study, how are subjects followed?

Forward in time to measure outcomes as they occur Signup and view all the answers

What is a major strength of cohort studies compared to case-control studies?

Can examine risk factors and exposures in detail Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of retrospective cohort studies?

Use of historical records Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element that differentiates case-control studies from cohort studies?

Enrolling subjects with the outcome and without the outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which study design can infer temporal relationships between exposure and outcome?

Prospective cohort studies Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of case reports and case series?

Generate potential hypotheses for future investigations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cross-sectional studies from other study designs?

They assess exposure and outcome data at a single point in time Signup and view all the answers

Why are cross-sectional studies considered relatively simple to conduct?

They measure prevalence rather than incidence Signup and view all the answers

In what form do case reports and case series present information?

Describe unusual occurrences and causal mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to determine temporal associations in cross-sectional studies?

They assess exposure and outcome data at one time point Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence may case reports and case series provide for certain conditions?

First report for rare conditions Signup and view all the answers