Diphtheria Management and Treatment

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What is the recommended location for managing diphtheria?

Home care

A general hospital

A clinic

A hospital for infectious diseases (correct)

What is the purpose of administering diphtheria antitoxin?

To neutralize unbound toxin (correct)

To neutralize fixed toxin

To prevent anaphylaxis

To eliminate C. diphtheriae

How long should antibiotic treatment for diphtheria last?

2 weeks (correct)

4 weeks

3 weeks

1 week

What is the recommended course of action for patients allergic to penicillin?

Give erythromycin Signup and view all the answers

Why is immunisation with diphtheria toxoid necessary after recovery?

Due to poor immunogenicity of primary infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of isolating diphtheria patients?

To prevent transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended prevention strategy for diphtheria in a closed community?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate associated with cardiac involvement in diphtheria?

60-90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preventing tetanus?

Débridement of contaminated injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosage of Benzylpenicillin in the treatment of tetanus?

600 mg IV 4 times daily Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical symptom of autonomic involvement in tetanus?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose of human tetanus antitoxin for treatment of tetanus?

3000 U IV injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical feature of botulism?

Symmetrical neurological deficits and absence of fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of botulism?

Ingestion of contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for spasms in tetanus?

IV diazepam and nursing in a quiet room Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical neurological deficit in botulism?

Bilateral cranial neuropathies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of post-exposure prophylaxis?

To prevent rabies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a polyvalent antitoxin in botulism?

To neutralize toxin types A, B, and E Signup and view all the answers

What is the common method of rabies transmission to humans?

Through bites or licks on abrasions or intact mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

Who requires pre-exposure prophylaxis?

Those who handle potentially infected animals professionally Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period of rabies in humans?

4-8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the wound after a bite?

Cleaning the wound with soap and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis?

Human diploid cell strain vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of rabies?

Hydrophobia and violent contractions of the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of rabies once symptoms appear?

Death ensues, usually within a week of the onset of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

When should post-exposure prophylaxis ideally start?

Within a day or two of the bite Signup and view all the answers

How is the diagnosis of rabies usually made?

On clinical grounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of human rabies immunoglobulin?

20 U/kg body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of patients with established rabies?

Only a few patients have survived Signup and view all the answers

What is required to control cardiac and respiratory failure in rabies patients?

Intensive care facilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of tetanus in newborns in developing countries?

Nearly 100% Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do tetanus spores germinate and multiply?

Anaerobic conditions in areas of tissue necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle spasm occurs early in tetanus?

Trismus Signup and view all the answers

What does the exotoxin produced by tetanus bacilli primarily affect?

Motor nerve endings and motor nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

What does contraction of the frontalis and the muscles at the angles of the mouth lead to in tetanus?

Risus sardonicus Signup and view all the answers

How long can violent spasms last in severe cases of tetanus?

A few seconds to 3-4 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What are common causes of death in severe cases of tetanus?

Exhaustion, asphyxia, or aspiration pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for the arched back commonly seen in tetanus patients?

Opisthotonus Signup and view all the answers