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Questions and Answers
What are the primary nutrients that the body uses from digested food?
What are the primary nutrients that the body uses from digested food?
- Fats, amino acids, enzymes, and cholesterol
- Hormones, fibers, sugars, and starches
- Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals (correct)
- Sugars, salts, acids, and bases
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?
- Stomach
- Large intestine
- Small intestine (correct)
- Esophagus
Which accessory organ produces digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in digestion?
Which accessory organ produces digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in digestion?
- Pancreas (correct)
- Gallbladder
- Liver
- Spleen
What is peristalsis in the context of the digestive system?
What is peristalsis in the context of the digestive system?
Which structure is NOT part of the lower gastrointestinal tract?
Which structure is NOT part of the lower gastrointestinal tract?
What is the main function of the liver in digestion?
What is the main function of the liver in digestion?
Which part of the stomach is the upper, rounded portion?
Which part of the stomach is the upper, rounded portion?
What does defecation refer to in the digestive process?
What does defecation refer to in the digestive process?
What condition is characterized by difficulty in swallowing?
What condition is characterized by difficulty in swallowing?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of dental disease?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of dental disease?
What is the medical term for inflammation of the stomach?
What is the medical term for inflammation of the stomach?
Which eating disorder involves episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting?
Which eating disorder involves episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting?
What term describes the upward flow of acid from the stomach?
What term describes the upward flow of acid from the stomach?
Which condition is defined as the vomiting of blood?
Which condition is defined as the vomiting of blood?
What condition is characterized by the loss of appetite for food?
What condition is characterized by the loss of appetite for food?
Which of these conditions indicates a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body?
Which of these conditions indicates a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the small intestine?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the small intestine?
Which of the following describes a blockage in the intestine?
Which of the following describes a blockage in the intestine?
What term is used for the presence of bright red blood in the stool?
What term is used for the presence of bright red blood in the stool?
What condition is defined by having fewer than three bowel movements per week?
What condition is defined by having fewer than three bowel movements per week?
What surgical procedure involves the removal of the gallbladder?
What surgical procedure involves the removal of the gallbladder?
What is the term for an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
What is the term for an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment procedure of the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment procedure of the digestive system?
Which condition is characterized by a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to increased bilirubin?
Which condition is characterized by a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to increased bilirubin?
Flashcards
Digestive System
Digestive System
The system responsible for breaking down food into usable nutrients.
Upper GI Tract
Upper GI Tract
Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.
Lower GI Tract
Lower GI Tract
Includes the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
Accessory Organs
Accessory Organs
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Digestion
Digestion
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Digestive Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes
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Absorption
Absorption
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Aphthous Ulcers
Aphthous Ulcers
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia
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GERD
GERD
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Gastritis
Gastritis
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Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa
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Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
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Dehydration
Dehydration
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Malnutrition
Malnutrition
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Enteritis
Enteritis
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Ileus
Ileus
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Constipation
Constipation
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Hematochezia
Hematochezia
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Ascites
Ascites
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Jaundice
Jaundice
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Cholecystectomy
Cholecystectomy
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Antacids
Antacids
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Study Notes
Digestive System Terminology
- The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients, preparing it for use by the body.
- Terminology is crucial for understanding the various structures and functions of this process.
Overview of Digestive System Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions
- Mouth (or/o, stomat/o): Begins food preparation for digestion.
- Pharynx (pharyng/o): Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus.
- Esophagus (esophag/o): Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
- Stomach (gastr/o): Breaks down food and mixes with gastric juices.
- Small Intestine (enter/o): Mixes chyme, completing digestion and absorption of nutrients.
- Large Intestine (col/o, colon/o): Absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste.
- Rectum and Anus (an/o, proct/o, rect/o): Control excretion of solid waste.
- Liver (hepat/o): Secretes bile and enzymes aiding fat digestion.
- Gallbladder (cholecyst/o): Stores bile, releasing it into the small intestine as needed.
- Pancreas (pancreat/o): Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine.
Structures of the Digestive System
- Upper GI Tract: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
- Lower GI Tract: Small and large intestines, rectum, anus
- Accessory Organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
The Oral Cavity
- Lips (labia), hard and soft palates, uvula, salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual), tongue (dorsum, sublingual surface, lingual frenulum), teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars), periodontium, dental arches (maxillary, mandibular), temporomandibular joint.
The Stomach
- Fundus, body, antrum, pylorus
The Small Intestine
- Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The Large Intestine
- Cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anus
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Liver: Hepatic (bilirubin production)
- Biliary Tree: Gallbladder, common bile duct (ductus choledochus)
- Pancreas
Digestion
- Digestion: Complex food breakdown into absorbable nutrients.
- Digestive enzymes: Breakdown of simpler forms.
- Primary nutrients: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals.
- Metabolism: Using nutrients (anabolism - building, catabolism - breaking down).
- Absorption: Nutrient transport into the cells.
- Peristalsis: Wave-like contractions moving food.
- Feces: Solid waste expelled through rectum and anus.
- Defecation: Evacuation of large intestine.
Pathology of the Digestive System
- Includes various conditions, focusing on issues with each organ. This section is extensive and needs more specific details to condense.
Tissues of the Oral Cavity
- Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)
- Ulcers: Epithelial shedding or sloughing, lesions
- Stomatitis: Mucosa inflammation
- Trismus
- Xerostomia: Dry mouth due to low saliva production
- Dental diseases: Caries, dental plaque, malocclusion, periodontal disease/gingivitis.
The Esophagus
- Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid backflow.
- Gastritis
- Gastroenteritis: Stomach and intestinal inflammation
- Peptic ulcers: Mucous membrane sores
- Perforating ulcer: Ulcer erodes through the organ wall.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia: Loss of appetite, fear of weight gain
- Anorexia nervosa: Intense fear of gaining weight, starvation, excessive exercise
- Bulimia nervosa: Binge eating, self-induced vomiting
- Cachexia: Physical wasting away (advanced cancer or AIDS)
Nutritional Conditions
- Dehydration: Fluid loss exceeding intake
- Malnutrition: Lack of proper food or nutrients.
- Malabsorption: Inability of small intestine to absorb nutrients.
- Obesity: Excessive fat accumulation
Indigestion and Vomiting
- Dyspepsia: Indigestion/pain
- Emesis (vomiting)
- Hematemesis: Vomiting blood
- Hyperemesis: Extreme persistent vomiting
- Nausea: Urge to vomit
- Regurgitation: Swallowing food returned to the mouth.
Intestinal Disorders
- Enteritis: Small intestine inflammation
- Ileus: Small or large intestine blockages
- Constipation: Infrequent bowel movements
- Diarrhea: Frequent loose or watery stools
- Abnormal stools: Hematochezia (bright red blood), melena (black, tarry), steatorrhea (excess fat)
- Ascites
- Hepatomegaly: Enlarged liver
- Jaundice: Yellow discoloration of skin/eyes
- Hepatitis: Liver inflammation
- Cirrhosis: Liver scarring
- Cholangitis: Bile duct inflammation
- Cholecystitis: Gallbladder inflammation
- Cholelithiasis: Gallstones
Treatment Procedures of the Digestive System
- Antacids: Neutralize stomach acids.
- Antiemetics: Prevent/relieve nausea/vomiting.
- Laxatives: Stimulate bowel movements.
- Oral rehydration therapy (ORT): Counteract dehydration.
- Anastomosis: Surgical connection between hollow structures.
- Ostomy: Artificial opening between organ and body surface (ileostomy, colostomy).
- Hepatectomy: Liver removal.
- Cholecystectomy: Gallbladder removal.
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