The Digestive System Terminology PDF

The Digestive System Terminology 2  STRUCTURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The upper GI tract; ○ the mouth, ○ pharynx (throat), ○ esophagus ○ stomach. The lower GI tract, or bowels; ○ the small and large intestines ○ the rectum ○ anus. The accessory organs of the digestive s...

The Digestive System Terminology 2  STRUCTURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The upper GI tract; ○ the mouth, ○ pharynx (throat), ○ esophagus ○ stomach. The lower GI tract, or bowels; ○ the small and large intestines ○ the rectum ○ anus. The accessory organs of the digestive system; ○ Liver ○ Gallbladder ○ Pancreas. 3 The Oral Cavity Lips; Labia (singular, labium) Hard and soft palates, uvula Salivary glands; major (parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands), minor Tongue; ○ The dorsum, dorsal surface ○ The sublingual surface ○ The lingual frenulum Teeth; Incisors, canines, Premolars, molars Periodontium The Dental Arches ○ The maxillary arch ○ The mandibular arch. The temporomandibular joint 4 The Stomach; Fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), antrum (lower part), pylorus The Small Intestine; Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (ILL-ee-um); the last and longest portion The Large Intestine Cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum , anus 5 Accessory Digestive Organs ○ The liver (hepar); Hepatic, bilirubin ○ The Biliary Tree; Gallbladder, The common bile duct (Ductus choledochus). ○ Pancreas. 6  DIGESTION Digestion; the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use. Digestive enzymes; break foods down into simpler forms The primary nutrients; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals Metabolism; the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients (metabol; change, -ism; condition). ○ Anabolism; the building up ○ Catabolism; the breaking down Absorption; completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells Peristalsis; a series of wave-like contractions, moves the food forward Feces; solid body wastes, are expelled through the rectum and anus. Defecation; the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine. 7 PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 8 Tissues of the Oral Cavity Aphthous ulcers; aka canker sores or mouth ulcers An ulcer; shedding or sloughing of epithelium, an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane Stomatitis; an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth Trismus; any restriction to the opening of the mouth ○ trauma, surgery, inflammation. Xerostomia; dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due. Dental Diseases and Conditions Dental caries; tooth decay or a cavity Dental plaque; soft deposits in near the gums and between the teeth. Malocclusion; any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth. Periodontal disease (periodontitis) Gingivitis; The inflammation affecting the gums 9 The Esophagus Dysphagia; difficulty in swallowing Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); the upward flow of acid from the stomach The Stomach Gastritis; the inflammation of the stomach Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Peptic ulcers; sores that affect the mucous membranes of the GIS (pept; digestion). A perforating ulcer; the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall. Eating Disorders Anorexia; the loss of appetite for food. Anorexia nervosa; a false perception of body appearance. ○ An intense fear of gaining weight. ○ Voluntary starvation and excessive exercising Bulimia nervosa; Episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting. Cachexia; a condition of physical wasting away ○ In dvanced cancer or AIDS. 10 Nutritional Conditions Dehydration; Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake, disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance Malnutrition; a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body ○ a shortage of food, poor eating habits Malabsorption ; the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food. Obesity; an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Indigestion and Vomiting Dyspepsia; indigestion, pain or discomfort in digestion Emesis; vomiting, the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth. Hematemesis; the vomiting of blood Hyperemesis extreme, persistent vomiting (Hyperemesis gravidarum) Nausea; the urge to vomit. Regurgitation; the return of swallowed food into the mouth. 11 Intestinal Disorders Enteritis; an inflammation of the small intestine ○ Caused by contaminated food or drink Ileus; the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine. ○ Caused by the stopping of the normal peristalsis Constipation; defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week. Diarrhea; an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools Abnormal Stools Hematochezia; the flow of bright red blood in the stool. Melena; black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools Steatorrhea; the presence of an excess of fat in the stool The Liver Ascites; an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Hepatomegaly; the abnormal enlargement of the liver Jaundice; a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. ○ Caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbiluribinemia). Hepatitis; an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection Cirrhosis; a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring The Gallbladder Cholangitis; an acute inflammation of the bile duct Cholecystitis; inflammation of the gallbladder Cholelithiasis; the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts 12 TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Antacids; neutralize the acids in the stomach An antiemetic; a medication to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting Laxatives; medications to stimulate bowel movements. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT); a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration An anastomosis; a surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures (plural, anastomoses). An ostomy ; a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the bod surface (ileostomy, colostomy) A hepatectomy; the surgical removal of all or part of the liver A cholecystectomy; the surgical removal of the gallbladder 13