Digestive Module: Lymphatics of GIT

Lymphatic vessels = Transport lymph throughout the body Lymph nodes = Cleanse lymph by removing dead cells Thymus gland = Produces lymphocytes and hormones Spleen = Filters blood and produces white blood cells

Thymus gland = An endocrine gland behind the sternum Tonsils = Produce lymphocytes and antibodies Spleen = Removes old and damaged red blood cells Kupffer cells = Specialized macrophages in the liver

Lymphatic drainage = Collects excess fluid from tissues Role in malignancies = Helps immune response against tumors Fluid balance = Maintains homeostasis in the body Transport of lymph = Delivers lymph to the bloodstream

<p>Clear watery fluid = Resembles blood plasma Contains fewer proteins = Varies by organ drained Collected at 125 ml/hr = From various tissues White in thoracic duct = Milk-like appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries = Originate in tissues as blind-ended sacs Lymphatic vessels = Merges capillaries to transport lymph Lymph nodes = Located along lymphatic vessels Delivery to blood = Final step in lymphatic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic capillaries = More permeable than blood capillaries One-way system = Does not circulate in a loop Lymphatic organs = Specialized structures for lymph processing Fluid balance = Prevents fluid accumulation in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph = Fluid collected from tissues Lymphatic drainage = The process of removing excess tissue fluid Lymphocytes = Type of white blood cell involved in immune response Pathogens = Microorganisms that can cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid balance = Maintains proper hydration levels Immune response = Helps fight infections and diseases Nutrient absorption = Transports fats from the digestive system Waste removal = Cleanses body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic spread = Transport of viable tumour cells via lymphatic vessels Hematogenous spread = Transport of tumour cells through the bloodstream Portal vein metastasis = Metastasis to liver through the portal venous circulation Surgical manipulation = Can cause shedding of tumour cells into lymphatics and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasion of lymphatics = Allows transport of tumour cells to distant sites Removal of lymphatic tissue = Aims to reduce the risk of tumour spread Pattern of metastatic spread = Predictable for planning surgical removal Venous drainage importance = Determines the sites for venous metastatic spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatics with arterial supply = Usually accompanies the arterial supply Initial metastasis of gastrointestinal malignancy = Typically to the liver via portal venous circulation Dividing blood supply during surgery = Reduces risk of shedding of tumour cells Late occurrence of metastasis = May spread via bloodstream to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metastasis via veins = Can occur after surgical manipulation Lymphatic metastasis = May spread to distant sites through lymph nodes Hematogenous route = Involves circulation through the bloodstream Portal vein role = Significant in gastrointestinal cancer spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initial division of blood supply = Helps in reducing the risk of metastasis Pattern prediction of spread = Useful for planning surgical intervention Shedding of tumour cells = Associated with surgical manipulation Malignancy initial spread = Often targets the liver through the portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharynx = Deep cervical lymph nodes Tonsils = Retropharyngeal nodes Esophagus = Superior deep cervical nodes Stomach = Left gastric lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical part = Superior deep cervical nodes Thoracic part = Posterior mediastinal nodes Abdominal part = Left gastric lymph nodes Overall = Jugular trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palatine tonsils = Lateral wall of the oropharynx Lingual tonsils = Base of the tongue Pharyngeal tonsils = Roof of the nasopharynx Tubal tonsils = Around the openings of Eustachian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic duct = Drains lymph from lower body and left side Right lymph duct = Drains lymph from right side Broncho-mediastinal trunks = Drains lymph from bronchi and mediastinum Celiac group of pre-aortic nodes = Drains lymph from abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left gastric nodes = Abdominal esophagus Tracheobronchial nodes = Lungs and bronchi Right gastroepiploic nodes = Greater curvature of the stomach Pyloric nodes = Antrum of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardia = Left gastric nodes Lesser curvature = Right gastric nodes Greater curvature = Right gastroepiploic chain Proximal greater curvature = Left gastroepiploic nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical lymphatics = Direct to superior deep cervical nodes Thoracic lymphatics = Posterior mediastinal nodes Abdominal lymphatics = Thoracic duct or directly to left gastric nodes Jugular trunk = Enters thoracic duct or right lymph duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophagus drainage = Lymphatic vessels may enter directly to superior nodes Stomach drainage = Drainage is often unpredictable Intramural plexus = Network of lymphatics in the stomach wall Malignant cells = Can be found at resection margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jugular-subclavian junction = Right lymph duct Thoracic duct = Left lymph duct Celiac trunks = Intestinal trunks Broncho-mediastinal trunk = Right mediastinal nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior deep cervical nodes = Cervical esophagus Posterior mediastinal nodes = Thoracic esophagus Tracheobronchial nodes = Pulmonary lymphatics Left gastric nodes = Abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach = Celiac nodes Liver = Celiac and posterior mediastinal nodes Pancreas = Celiac nodes Large intestine = Superior and inferior mesenteric nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (foregut) = Gastroduodenal nodes to celiac nodes Ileum and jejunum = Mesenteric nodes to superior mesenteric nodes Rectum (above dentate line) = Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Appendix = Superior mesenteric nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coeliac nodes = Drain stomach and pancreas Superior mesenteric nodes = Drain jejunum, ileum, and large intestine Inferior mesenteric nodes = Drain distal transverse colon and rectum Superficial inguinal nodes = Drain the anal canal below the dentate line</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver = 1/3 to 1/2 of body lymph Duodenum (midgut) = Inferior pancreaticoduodenal nodes to superior mesenteric nodes Caecum = Nodes lying along colic vessels to superior mesenteric nodes Distal colon = Nodes along left colic and sigmoid vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anal canal above dentate line = Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Anal canal below dentate line = Superficial inguinal lymph nodes Rectum = Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Transverse colon = Superior mesenteric nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver = Produces major lymph Pancreas = Along supplying arteries Spleen = Along branches to celiac nodes Gall bladder = Primarily drains to celiac nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach = Celiac nodes Pancreas = Superior mesenteric nodes Jejunum = Superior mesenteric nodes Ileum = Mesenteric nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caecum = Ileocolic, right, and middle colic nodes to superior mesenteric nodes Descending colon = Left colic vessels to inferior mesenteric nodes Distal transverse colon = Left colic vessels to inferior mesenteric nodes Sigmoid colon = Sigmoid vessels to inferior mesenteric nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (foregut) = Upwards to celiac nodes Duodenum (midgut) = Downwards to superior mesenteric nodes Appendix = Via mesenteric nodes to superior mesenteric nodes Liver = Through diaphragm to posterior mediastinal nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palatine Tonsil = Lymphoid follicles Payer’s patches = Wall of the intestine Lacteals = Villi of the intestine Submandibular lymph nodes = Anterior floor of the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celiac nodes = Foregut derivatives Superior mesenteric nodes = Middle small intestine Inferior mesenteric nodes = Distal large intestine Preaortic lymph nodes = All of GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard palate = Submandibular lymph nodes Soft palate = Retropharyngeal lymph nodes Tonsillar node = Jugulodigastric lymph nodes Lateral tongue = Submandibular lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apex and frenulum = Submental lymph nodes Root of the tongue = Superior deep cervical lymph nodes Medial part of the tongue = Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes Right lateral part of the tongue = Submandibular lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lacteals = Absorb fats after digestion Lymph nodes = Filter lymph Lymphatic drainage = Corresponds to blood supply Efferent vessels = Drain lymph to venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes = Filter and monitor lymph Chyle = Fluid composed of fats and lymph Cisterna chyli = Collecting sac for lymph Mesenteric lymph nodes = Drain small and large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Floor of the mouth = Superior deep cervical group Gums = Submandibular lymph nodes Medial body of tongue = Inferior deep cervical nodes Right lateral tongue = Ipsilateral submandibular nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jugular venous trunks = Drain to venous system Superior mesenteric arteries = Drain mid-portion of intestine Celiac trunk = Drain foregut organs Inferior mesenteric arteries = Drain distal parts of colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic drainage field = Corresponds to blood supply segments Mucosal lymphocytes = Intestinal villi Payer's patches = Aggregated lymphoid tissue Lymphatic capillaries = Absorb digested fats</p> Signup and view all the answers