Podcast
Questions and Answers
The lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the ___ and ___.
The lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the ___ and ___.
pump, arteries
Like the ___ of the cardiovascular system, the vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with ___.
Like the ___ of the cardiovascular system, the vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with ___.
veins, valves
The lymphatic vessels pick up leaked fluid, now called ___, and return it to the bloodstream. About ___ of fluid is returned every 24 hours.
The lymphatic vessels pick up leaked fluid, now called ___, and return it to the bloodstream. About ___ of fluid is returned every 24 hours.
lymph, 3 liters
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
What is the function of lymph nodes?
What is the function of lymph nodes?
What organ produces hormones that help to program the immune system?
What organ produces hormones that help to program the immune system?
What are the largest collections of lymph nodes found in?
What are the largest collections of lymph nodes found in?
What is the general function of lymph nodes?
What is the general function of lymph nodes?
The three major elements of the body's nonspecific defense system are: The ___, consisting of the skin and ___; defensive cells, such as ___ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of ___.
The three major elements of the body's nonspecific defense system are: The ___, consisting of the skin and ___; defensive cells, such as ___ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of ___.
Lysozyme is found in the body secretions called ___ and ___.
Lysozyme is found in the body secretions called ___ and ___.
Fluids with an acid pH are found in the ___ and ___.
Fluids with an acid pH are found in the ___ and ___.
Sebum is a product of the ___ glands and acts at the surface of the ___.
Sebum is a product of the ___ glands and acts at the surface of the ___.
Mucus is produced by mucus-secreting glands found in the respiratory and ___ system mucosae.
Mucus is produced by mucus-secreting glands found in the respiratory and ___ system mucosae.
Which of the following have antimicrobial activity?
Which of the following have antimicrobial activity?
Provide mechanical barriers.
Provide mechanical barriers.
What structure entraps microorganisms entering the respiratory passages?
What structure entraps microorganisms entering the respiratory passages?
Describe the protective role of cilia in the respiratory tract.
Describe the protective role of cilia in the respiratory tract.
Define phagocytosis.
Define phagocytosis.
What is chemotaxis?
What is chemotaxis?
What is diapedesis?
What is diapedesis?
What is edema?
What is edema?
What is the function of fibrin mesh?
What is the function of fibrin mesh?
What is histamine?
What is histamine?
What accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area?
What accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area?
What do inflammatory chemicals promote?
What do inflammatory chemicals promote?
What are macrophages?
What are macrophages?
What is a neutrophil?
What is a neutrophil?
Flashcards
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
A system distinct from the cardiovascular system, lacking a pump and arteries, but using valves in vessels to move lymph.
Lymph
Lymph
Leaked fluid collected by lymphatic vessels, returned to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Vessels
Vessels carrying lymph throughout the body, featuring valves to prevent backflow.
Spleen
Spleen
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Lymph Nodes
Lymph Nodes
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Thymus
Thymus
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Tonsils
Tonsils
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Peyer's Patches
Peyer's Patches
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B Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
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T Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Efferent Lymphatics
Efferent Lymphatics
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Afferent Lymphatics
Afferent Lymphatics
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Nonspecific Defenses
Nonspecific Defenses
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Surface Membrane Barriers
Surface Membrane Barriers
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Lysozyme
Lysozyme
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Diapedesis
Diapedesis
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Edema
Edema
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Fibrin Mesh
Fibrin Mesh
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Histamine
Histamine
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Macrophages (inflammation)
Macrophages (inflammation)
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System Overview
- The lymphatic system is distinct from the cardiovascular system, lacking a pump and arteries.
- Lymphatic vessels function similarly to veins, featuring valves to prevent backflow.
- They collect leaked fluid known as lymph and return about 3 liters daily to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic Organs and Their Functions
- Spleen: The largest lymphatic organ, serves as a blood reservoir and removes aged red blood cells.
- Lymph Nodes: Act as filters for lymph, housing immune cells.
- Thymus: Crucial in youth, it produces hormones programming the immune system.
- Tonsils: Important components of MALT, protecting against pathogens.
- Peyer’s Patches: Guard against bacteria breaching the intestinal wall.
Immune Cells in the Lymphatic System
- B Lymphocytes: Predominant in germinal centers, their daughter cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies.
- T Lymphocytes: Major cell type in cortical areas of lymph nodes, crucial for immune response.
- Macrophages: Surround medullary sinuses of lymph nodes, acting as phagocytes to engulf pathogens.
Lymphatic Flow Dynamics
- Fewer efferent lymphatics than afferent lymphatics in lymph nodes slow lymph flow, allowing immune cells more time to react.
- Valves in both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels ensure one-way flow.
- Major lymph node collections are located in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
- The body's nonspecific defense includes:
- Surface Membrane Barriers: Skin and mucosae.
- Defensive Cells: Natural killer cells and phagocytes.
- Chemical Defenses: Inflammatory and antimicrobial chemicals.
Chemical Barriers and Their Functions
- Lysozyme: Antimicrobial found in tears and saliva.
- Acidic Fluids: Present in the stomach and female reproductive tract, inhibiting pathogen growth.
- Sebum: Produced by sebaceous glands, provides surface protection on skin.
- Mucus: Traps microorganisms in the respiratory and digestive systems.
Phagocytosis and Cell Migration
- Phagocytosis: Process of ingestion and destruction of pathogens by immune cells; rough particles are more easily phagocytosed.
- Chemotaxis: Directed cellular migration towards a chemical gradient.
- Diapedesis: Movement of leukocytes through capillary walls.
Inflammatory Response
- Edema: Accumulation of fluid leakage from blood vessels, often observed in injury sites.
- Fibrin Mesh: Forms to wall off areas of injury, aiding in healing.
- Histamine: Released by injured cells, initiating an inflammatory response.
- Increased blood flow causes redness and heat at inflammation sites, promoting white blood cell release from bone marrow.
Key Immune Cells in Inflammation
- Macrophages: Derived from monocytes, serve as key phagocytes in inflamed areas.
- Neutrophils: The first immune cells to migrate to injured tissues, initiating the phagocytic response.
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