Lymphatic System Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a component of the lymphatic system?

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Thyroid gland (correct)

Spleen

The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system through vessels called?

Lacteals

Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow.

False

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils.

True Signup and view all the answers

Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.

True Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes mature in the _ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the _.

primary lymphatic organs, secondary lymphatic organs Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number.

True Signup and view all the answers

After recognizing an antigen, B cells increase in number, causing an increase in helper T cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed.

True Signup and view all the answers

Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.

True Signup and view all the answers

Helper T cells aid in the immune response by _____________.

stimulating B cells to divide Signup and view all the answers

MHC class II molecules ___________ immune cells.

stimulate Signup and view all the answers

Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against _ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against antigens.

extracellular, intracellular Signup and view all the answers

All antibodies consist of four ________, with _ identical heavy chains and ___ identical light chains.

polypeptide chains, two, two Signup and view all the answers

Check all that are a way that antibodies affect antigens.

Antibodies affect antigens indirectly Signup and view all the answers

When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell or a basophil, it causes ___________.

inflammation Signup and view all the answers

In __ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

active, passive Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity generally has longer-lasting effects than active immunity.

False Signup and view all the answers

In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime.

True Signup and view all the answers

If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.

False Signup and view all the answers

Active natural immunity:

Immunity to the flu virus after becoming ill with it Signup and view all the answers

Active artificial immunity:

Immunity to the flu virus through a vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Passive natural immunity:

An infant acquires antibodies through the mother's milk Signup and view all the answers

Passive artificial immunity:

Antibodies from an animal are removed and injected into a human Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true?

False Signup and view all the answers

A specific immune response involves _ immunity, while a more general response involves immunity.

adaptive, innate Signup and view all the answers

In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except

high fever Signup and view all the answers

People with type AB blood have

both type A and type B antigens on their red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood

B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient Signup and view all the answers

On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells

become activated and increase in number Signup and view all the answers

When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they

release cytokines which attract more macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are produced by

plasma B cells Signup and view all the answers

Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.

False Signup and view all the answers

The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...

Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...

Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...

stimulate cell destruction by macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.

False Signup and view all the answers

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

on its surface on a class II MHC Signup and view all the answers

A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells recognize

viral antigens and class I MHC Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells produce

perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells Signup and view all the answers

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.

True Signup and view all the answers

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed?

Antigens Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages secrete which then activates .

interleukin-1 ; helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Direct blood filtration Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lymph is composed of and enters the lymphatic system through _.

interstitial fluid, lymphatic capillaries Signup and view all the answers

In immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

innate, adaptive Signup and view all the answers

Cells of the immune system:

Phagocytosis, inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Chemical mediator

Kill microorganisms, promote inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Physical barrier

Prevent microorganisms from entering the body Signup and view all the answers

Check all that occur during inflammation.

Blood flow is decreased to the area; Vascular permeability is decreased Signup and view all the answers

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.

antigens Signup and view all the answers

Haptens can stimulate an adaptive immune response.

True Signup and view all the answers

Haptens can stimulate an allergic response.

True Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure.

False Signup and view all the answers

Penicillin is an example of a hapten.

True Signup and view all the answers

MHC molecules are __________ found on the surfaces of cells that bind to antigens.

glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

Protein Signup and view all the answers

A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.

True Signup and view all the answers

In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

A secondary response is slower than a primary response.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic

causes cell lysis Signup and view all the answers

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Promote phagocytosis and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Memory T cells

Provides a secondary response and long-lasting immunity Signup and view all the answers

Immunotherapy alters the body's ___________ or directly attacks harmful cells.

Immune system Signup and view all the answers

Check all that occur to the lymphatic system and immunity with age.

The ability to absorb fats is markedly decreased; The lymphatic system is much less able to remove excess fluid from tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

15% Signup and view all the answers

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

lipids Signup and view all the answers

All these forces help lymph to flow except

The lymphatic node pump Signup and view all the answers

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

A pyrogen is a substance that causes

Fever Signup and view all the answers

_______________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

impaired use Signup and view all the answers

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination stimulates

Artificial, active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope Signup and view all the answers

T cells achieve immunocompetence in

the thymus Signup and view all the answers

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates

artificial passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

T cells Signup and view all the answers

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein Signup and view all the answers

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in

lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like a natural killer (NK) cell because they both

secrete granzymes and perforin Signup and view all the answers

Memory T cells can live up to

decades Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies do not

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack. Signup and view all the answers

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lymphatic System Components

Thyroid gland is not part of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb lipids from the digestive system.

Lymphatic Structures

Lymph capillaries are not present in bone marrow.
Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, below the tonsils.
Inguinal lymph nodes are not situated in the axillary region.
Lacteals are found in the lining of the small intestine.
The spleen filters microorganisms from the blood.

B Cell Activation and Proliferation

Lymphocytes mature in primary lymphatic organs and interact in secondary lymphatic organs.
Lymphocyte activation relies on recognizing antigens and proliferating.
B cells increase in number after recognizing an antigen; helper T cells are also involved in their activation.
Inhibition of lymphocyte activation includes processes like tolerance.

Immune Response Mechanisms

Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide in the immune response.
MHC class II molecules play a role in stimulating immune cells.
Antibody-mediated immunity targets extracellular antigens, while cell-mediated immunity targets intracellular antigens.
Each antibody consists of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

Antigen-Antibody Interaction

Antibodies affect antigens indirectly.
Binding of an antigen to an antibody on mast cells results in inflammation and phagocytosis.

Immunity Types

Active immunity results from the individual's own immune response; passive immunity is transferred from another person.
Passive immunity typically lasts shorter than active immunity.
Active natural immunity occurs after infection, while active artificial immunity occurs through vaccination.

Blood Types and Transfusion Reaction

Type AB blood contains both A and B antigens.
Transfusing type B blood to a type A recipient causes reactions against the B antigen.

T Cell Activation and Function

Upon first exposure to an antigen, T helper cells activate and proliferate.
On subsequent exposures, T helper cells release cytokines, attracting macrophages.
Cytotoxic T cells recognize viral antigens bound to class I MHC molecules, producing cytotoxins causing targeted cell death.

Secondary Immune Response

The secondary immune response to previously encountered pathogens is faster and more robust than the primary response.
Memory T cells provide a long-lasting immune response and can survive for decades.

Antigen Processing and Presentation

Proteins produced inside cells are processed and presented on class I MHC molecules; foreign proteins are processed via class II MHCs.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens to T helper cells on class II MHC proteins.

Aging and Immunity

Aging affects lymphatic function, notably reducing lipid absorption and the ability to remove excess tissue fluid.
The thymus gland degenerates significantly with age.

Immunotherapy and Immune System Changes

Immunotherapy modifies the immune response or attacks harmful cells directly.
Aging results in decreased efficiency in the immune system, impacting overall health and disease resistance.

Haptens and Allergic Responses

Haptens can provoke allergic reactions and stimulate adaptive immunity.
Penicillin is a common hapten that can trigger such responses.

Summary of Key Immunological Concepts

The immune response is specific to particular pathogens, with both innate (general) and adaptive (targeted) mechanisms.
Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma B cells that recognize and neutralize antigens.
Vaccination is a method to stimulate artificial active immunity.

Cytotoxic T Cells Functions

Cytotoxic T cells release perforin to induce apoptosis in infected cells, similar to natural killer cells.
They recognize and act on cancer cells, playing a vital role in immune defense.

Conclusion

Understanding the lymphatic system and immune responses is fundamental to grasping how the body protects itself against diseases and infections.

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Test your knowledge about the lymphatic system with these flashcards. Each card presents a question or statement related to lymphatic components, functions, and location. Perfect for students preparing for exams in anatomy or biology.

Lymphatic System Flashcards

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a component of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system through vessels called?

Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow.

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils.

Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region.

Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.

Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen.

Lymphocytes mature in the ___________ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the ___________.

Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number.

After recognizing an antigen, B cells increase in number, causing an increase in helper T cells.

Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed.

Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.

Helper T cells aid in the immune response by _____________.

MHC class II molecules ___________ immune cells.

Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against ___________ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against __________ antigens.

All antibodies consist of four __________, with _____ identical heavy chains and _____ identical light chains.

Check all that are a way that antibodies affect antigens.

When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell or a basophil, it causes ___________.

In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

Passive immunity generally has longer-lasting effects than active immunity.

In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells.

Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime.

If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.

Active natural immunity:

Active artificial immunity:

Passive natural immunity:

Passive artificial immunity:

Which of the following statements is true?

A specific immune response involves ___________ immunity, while a more general response involves __________ immunity.

In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except

People with type AB blood have

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood

On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells

When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they

Antibodies are produced by

Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.

The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...

The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...

Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.

Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

Cytotoxic T cells recognize

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

Cytotoxic T cells produce

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed?

Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________.

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane.

Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body.

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.

Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves.

Lymph is composed of ____________ and enters the lymphatic system through _____________.

In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

Cells of the immune system:

Chemical mediator

Physical barrier

Check all that occur during inflammation.

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.

Haptens can stimulate an adaptive immune response.

Haptens can stimulate an allergic response.

The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure.

Penicillin is an example of a hapten.

MHC molecules are __________ found on the surfaces of cells that bind to antigens.

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.

In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells.

A secondary response is slower than a primary response.

In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells.

Cytotoxic

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Lymphocytes mature in the _ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the _.

Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against _ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against antigens.

All antibodies consist of four ________, with _ identical heavy chains and ___ identical light chains.

In __ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

A specific immune response involves _ immunity, while a more general response involves immunity.

Macrophages secrete which then activates .

Lymph is composed of and enters the lymphatic system through _.

In immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.