Lymphatic System Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a component of the lymphatic system?

  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thyroid gland (correct)
  • Spleen

The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system through vessels called?

Lacteals

Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow.

False (B)

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes mature in the ___________ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the ___________.

<p>primary lymphatic organs, secondary lymphatic organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After recognizing an antigen, B cells increase in number, causing an increase in helper T cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helper T cells aid in the immune response by _____________.

<p>stimulating B cells to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

MHC class II molecules ___________ immune cells.

<p>stimulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against ___________ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against __________ antigens.

<p>extracellular, intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

All antibodies consist of four __________, with _____ identical heavy chains and _____ identical light chains.

<p>polypeptide chains, two, two</p> Signup and view all the answers

Check all that are a way that antibodies affect antigens.

<p>Antibodies affect antigens indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell or a basophil, it causes ___________.

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

<p>active, passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity generally has longer-lasting effects than active immunity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active natural immunity:

<p>Immunity to the flu virus after becoming ill with it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active artificial immunity:

<p>Immunity to the flu virus through a vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive natural immunity:

<p>An infant acquires antibodies through the mother's milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive artificial immunity:

<p>Antibodies from an animal are removed and injected into a human</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A specific immune response involves ___________ immunity, while a more general response involves __________ immunity.

<p>adaptive, innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except

<p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except

<p>high fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

People with type AB blood have

<p>both type A and type B antigens on their red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood

<p>B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells

<p>become activated and increase in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they

<p>release cytokines which attract more macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are produced by

<p>plasma B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...

<p>Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...

<p>Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...

<p>stimulate cell destruction by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

<p>on its surface on a class II MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells recognize

<p>viral antigens and class I MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells produce

<p>perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed?

<p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________.

<p>interleukin-1 ; helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Direct blood filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymph is composed of ____________ and enters the lymphatic system through _____________.

<p>interstitial fluid, lymphatic capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

<p>innate, adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells of the immune system:

<p>Phagocytosis, inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical mediator

<p>Kill microorganisms, promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical barrier

<p>Prevent microorganisms from entering the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Check all that occur during inflammation.

<p>Blood flow is decreased to the area; Vascular permeability is decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.

<p>antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haptens can stimulate an adaptive immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haptens can stimulate an allergic response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Penicillin is an example of a hapten.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MHC molecules are __________ found on the surfaces of cells that bind to antigens.

<p>glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A secondary response is slower than a primary response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic

<p>causes cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

<p>Promote phagocytosis and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory T cells

<p>Provides a secondary response and long-lasting immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immunotherapy alters the body's ___________ or directly attacks harmful cells.

<p>Immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Check all that occur to the lymphatic system and immunity with age.

<p>The ability to absorb fats is markedly decreased; The lymphatic system is much less able to remove excess fluid from tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

<p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

All these forces help lymph to flow except

<p>The lymphatic node pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

<p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pyrogen is a substance that causes

<p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

<p>impaired use</p> Signup and view all the answers

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

<p>immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination stimulates

<p>Artificial, active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

<p>cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

<p>epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

T cells achieve immunocompetence in

<p>the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates

<p>artificial passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

<p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)

<p>major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in

<p>lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like a natural killer (NK) cell because they both

<p>secrete granzymes and perforin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory T cells can live up to

<p>decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies do not

<p>differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

<p>antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism. It is not part of the lymphatic system.

Lacteals

Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels located in the lining of the small intestine, responsible for absorbing lipids (fats) from digested food.

Lymph Capillaries

Lymph capillaries are tiny vessels that are present throughout the body, except in bone marrow. They collect excess fluid from tissues and help return it to the bloodstream.

Cervical Lymph Nodes

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, below the tonsils. They filter lymph fluid and house immune cells.

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Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Inguinal lymph nodes are in the groin area, not the armpit (axillary region). They filter lymph from the legs, genitals, and lower abdomen.

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Spleen's Role

The spleen is a large, bean-shaped organ that filters microorganisms from the blood, stores blood cells, and removes old or damaged red blood cells.

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Lymphocyte Maturation

Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, mature in primary lymphatic organs like bone marrow and the thymus gland. They then interact and function in secondary lymphatic organs, like lymph nodes and the spleen.

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Lymphocyte Activation

Lymphocytes are activated by recognizing specific foreign substances called antigens. This recognition triggers their proliferation (division) to fight off the invader.

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B Cell Activation

B cells are activated after recognizing an antigen, leading to their proliferation. Helper T cells also play a role by providing signals.

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Tolerance in Immunity

Tolerance is a process that prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells. It involves inhibiting lymphocyte activation when they encounter 'self' antigens.

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Helper T Cells' Role

Helper T cells are key players in the immune response. They stimulate B cells to divide and produce antibodies, which can neutralize pathogens.

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MHC Class II Molecules

MHC class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like macrophages and B cells. They help present antigens to T helper cells, activating the immune response.

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Antibody-Mediated Immunity

This type of immunity targets extracellular antigens (pathogens outside cells). Antibodies neutralize them by binding, preventing infection.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

This immunity targets intracellular antigens (pathogens inside cells). Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells to stop the spread of the pathogen.

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Antibody Structure

Each antibody is made up of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

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Antibodies' Indirect Effect

Antibodies don't directly destroy pathogens but indirectly activate other immune cells or mechanisms.

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Mast Cell Activation

When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell, it releases inflammatory chemicals that attract other immune cells and initiate phagocytosis (engulfment) of the invader.

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Active Immunity

This immunity occurs when the body's own immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen.

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Passive Immunity

This immunity is transferred from another person or animal to the recipient, providing temporary protection.

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Active Natural Immunity

This immunity develops after natural exposure to a pathogen, like getting sick with the flu.

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Active Artificial Immunity

This immunity develops after vaccination, where a weakened or inactivated pathogen is introduced to stimulate an immune response.

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Type AB Blood

Type AB blood contains both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. It is considered the 'universal recipient' because it doesn't produce antibodies against A or B antigens.

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Transfusion Reactions

These reactions occur when a person receives blood of an incompatible type, causing the recipient's immune system to attack the donated blood.

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T Helper Cell Activation

T helper cells activate and proliferate upon first exposure to a specific antigen. They become memory cells, ready for future encounters.

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T Helper Cell Cytokines

On subsequent exposures to an antigen, T helper cells release cytokines, which attract other immune cells, like macrophages, to the site of infection.

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Cytotoxic T Cell Function

Cytotoxic T cells recognize viral antigens on infected cells and release cytotoxins, causing the infected cell to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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MHC Class I Molecules

MHC class I molecules are found on all cells. They present proteins produced inside the cell, including viral proteins, to cytotoxic T cells.

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Secondary Immune Response

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is faster and stronger than the primary response due to memory cells.

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Memory T Cells

These cells persist for decades after an infection, providing long-lasting immunity. They can quickly activate and respond to the same pathogen if it re-enters the body.

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Antigen Processing

Both foreign proteins (from pathogens) and self-proteins (from inside the cell) are processed and presented on MHC molecules to T cells.

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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

APCs, like macrophages and B cells, engulf antigens and then present them on MHC class II molecules to T helper cells.

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Aging and Lymphatic Function

As we age, the lymphatic system becomes less efficient. Lipid absorption decreases, and the ability to remove excess fluid diminishes.

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Thymus Gland Degeneration

The thymus gland, responsible for T cell maturation, shrinks significantly with age, affecting immune function.

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Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy aims to modify the immune response directly to combat diseases. It can enhance immune function or target harmful cells.

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Haptens

Haptens are small molecules that can't trigger an immune response on their own. They must bind to a larger carrier molecule to become immunogenic.

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Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances, like pollen or peanuts.

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Study Notes

Lymphatic System Components

  • Thyroid gland is not part of the lymphatic system.
  • Lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb lipids from the digestive system.

Lymphatic Structures

  • Lymph capillaries are not present in bone marrow.
  • Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, below the tonsils.
  • Inguinal lymph nodes are not situated in the axillary region.
  • Lacteals are found in the lining of the small intestine.
  • The spleen filters microorganisms from the blood.

B Cell Activation and Proliferation

  • Lymphocytes mature in primary lymphatic organs and interact in secondary lymphatic organs.
  • Lymphocyte activation relies on recognizing antigens and proliferating.
  • B cells increase in number after recognizing an antigen; helper T cells are also involved in their activation.
  • Inhibition of lymphocyte activation includes processes like tolerance.

Immune Response Mechanisms

  • Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide in the immune response.
  • MHC class II molecules play a role in stimulating immune cells.
  • Antibody-mediated immunity targets extracellular antigens, while cell-mediated immunity targets intracellular antigens.
  • Each antibody consists of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

Antigen-Antibody Interaction

  • Antibodies affect antigens indirectly.
  • Binding of an antigen to an antibody on mast cells results in inflammation and phagocytosis.

Immunity Types

  • Active immunity results from the individual's own immune response; passive immunity is transferred from another person.
  • Passive immunity typically lasts shorter than active immunity.
  • Active natural immunity occurs after infection, while active artificial immunity occurs through vaccination.

Blood Types and Transfusion Reaction

  • Type AB blood contains both A and B antigens.
  • Transfusing type B blood to a type A recipient causes reactions against the B antigen.

T Cell Activation and Function

  • Upon first exposure to an antigen, T helper cells activate and proliferate.
  • On subsequent exposures, T helper cells release cytokines, attracting macrophages.
  • Cytotoxic T cells recognize viral antigens bound to class I MHC molecules, producing cytotoxins causing targeted cell death.

Secondary Immune Response

  • The secondary immune response to previously encountered pathogens is faster and more robust than the primary response.
  • Memory T cells provide a long-lasting immune response and can survive for decades.

Antigen Processing and Presentation

  • Proteins produced inside cells are processed and presented on class I MHC molecules; foreign proteins are processed via class II MHCs.
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens to T helper cells on class II MHC proteins.

Aging and Immunity

  • Aging affects lymphatic function, notably reducing lipid absorption and the ability to remove excess tissue fluid.
  • The thymus gland degenerates significantly with age.

Immunotherapy and Immune System Changes

  • Immunotherapy modifies the immune response or attacks harmful cells directly.
  • Aging results in decreased efficiency in the immune system, impacting overall health and disease resistance.

Haptens and Allergic Responses

  • Haptens can provoke allergic reactions and stimulate adaptive immunity.
  • Penicillin is a common hapten that can trigger such responses.

Summary of Key Immunological Concepts

  • The immune response is specific to particular pathogens, with both innate (general) and adaptive (targeted) mechanisms.
  • Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma B cells that recognize and neutralize antigens.
  • Vaccination is a method to stimulate artificial active immunity.

Cytotoxic T Cells Functions

  • Cytotoxic T cells release perforin to induce apoptosis in infected cells, similar to natural killer cells.
  • They recognize and act on cancer cells, playing a vital role in immune defense.

Conclusion

  • Understanding the lymphatic system and immune responses is fundamental to grasping how the body protects itself against diseases and infections.

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Test your knowledge about the lymphatic system with these flashcards. Each card presents a question or statement related to lymphatic components, functions, and location. Perfect for students preparing for exams in anatomy or biology.

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