Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a component of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system through vessels called?
Lacteals
Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow.
False
Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils.
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Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region.
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Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.
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Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen.
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Lymphocytes mature in the ___________ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the ___________.
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Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number.
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After recognizing an antigen, B cells increase in number, causing an increase in helper T cells.
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Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed.
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Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.
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Helper T cells aid in the immune response by _____________.
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MHC class II molecules ___________ immune cells.
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Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against ___________ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against __________ antigens.
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All antibodies consist of four __________, with _____ identical heavy chains and _____ identical light chains.
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Check all that are a way that antibodies affect antigens.
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When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell or a basophil, it causes ___________.
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In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.
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Passive immunity generally has longer-lasting effects than active immunity.
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In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells.
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Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime.
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If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.
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Active natural immunity:
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Active artificial immunity:
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Passive natural immunity:
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Passive artificial immunity:
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Which of the following statements is true?
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A specific immune response involves ___________ immunity, while a more general response involves __________ immunity.
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In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except
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Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except
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People with type AB blood have
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When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood
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On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells
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When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they
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Antibodies are produced by
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Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.
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The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...
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The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...
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Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...
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Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.
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Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.
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An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell
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A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
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Cytotoxic T cells recognize
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Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells produce
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The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.
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Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.
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Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed?
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Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________.
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Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?
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Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane.
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Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body.
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Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.
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Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.
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Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves.
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Lymph is composed of ____________ and enters the lymphatic system through _____________.
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In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.
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Cells of the immune system:
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Chemical mediator
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Physical barrier
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Check all that occur during inflammation.
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Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.
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Haptens can stimulate an adaptive immune response.
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Haptens can stimulate an allergic response.
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The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure.
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Penicillin is an example of a hapten.
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MHC molecules are __________ found on the surfaces of cells that bind to antigens.
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Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.
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A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.
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In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells.
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A secondary response is slower than a primary response.
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In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells.
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Cytotoxic
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Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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Memory T cells
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Immunotherapy alters the body's ___________ or directly attacks harmful cells.
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Check all that occur to the lymphatic system and immunity with age.
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Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
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Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
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All these forces help lymph to flow except
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This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
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A pyrogen is a substance that causes
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_______________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
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One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that
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Vaccination stimulates
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Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against
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A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
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T cells achieve immunocompetence in
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The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates
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All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except
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Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)
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Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in
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Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like a natural killer (NK) cell because they both
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Memory T cells can live up to
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Antibodies do not
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This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System Components
- Thyroid gland is not part of the lymphatic system.
- Lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb lipids from the digestive system.
Lymphatic Structures
- Lymph capillaries are not present in bone marrow.
- Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, below the tonsils.
- Inguinal lymph nodes are not situated in the axillary region.
- Lacteals are found in the lining of the small intestine.
- The spleen filters microorganisms from the blood.
B Cell Activation and Proliferation
- Lymphocytes mature in primary lymphatic organs and interact in secondary lymphatic organs.
- Lymphocyte activation relies on recognizing antigens and proliferating.
- B cells increase in number after recognizing an antigen; helper T cells are also involved in their activation.
- Inhibition of lymphocyte activation includes processes like tolerance.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide in the immune response.
- MHC class II molecules play a role in stimulating immune cells.
- Antibody-mediated immunity targets extracellular antigens, while cell-mediated immunity targets intracellular antigens.
- Each antibody consists of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
- Antibodies affect antigens indirectly.
- Binding of an antigen to an antibody on mast cells results in inflammation and phagocytosis.
Immunity Types
- Active immunity results from the individual's own immune response; passive immunity is transferred from another person.
- Passive immunity typically lasts shorter than active immunity.
- Active natural immunity occurs after infection, while active artificial immunity occurs through vaccination.
Blood Types and Transfusion Reaction
- Type AB blood contains both A and B antigens.
- Transfusing type B blood to a type A recipient causes reactions against the B antigen.
T Cell Activation and Function
- Upon first exposure to an antigen, T helper cells activate and proliferate.
- On subsequent exposures, T helper cells release cytokines, attracting macrophages.
- Cytotoxic T cells recognize viral antigens bound to class I MHC molecules, producing cytotoxins causing targeted cell death.
Secondary Immune Response
- The secondary immune response to previously encountered pathogens is faster and more robust than the primary response.
- Memory T cells provide a long-lasting immune response and can survive for decades.
Antigen Processing and Presentation
- Proteins produced inside cells are processed and presented on class I MHC molecules; foreign proteins are processed via class II MHCs.
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens to T helper cells on class II MHC proteins.
Aging and Immunity
- Aging affects lymphatic function, notably reducing lipid absorption and the ability to remove excess tissue fluid.
- The thymus gland degenerates significantly with age.
Immunotherapy and Immune System Changes
- Immunotherapy modifies the immune response or attacks harmful cells directly.
- Aging results in decreased efficiency in the immune system, impacting overall health and disease resistance.
Haptens and Allergic Responses
- Haptens can provoke allergic reactions and stimulate adaptive immunity.
- Penicillin is a common hapten that can trigger such responses.
Summary of Key Immunological Concepts
- The immune response is specific to particular pathogens, with both innate (general) and adaptive (targeted) mechanisms.
- Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma B cells that recognize and neutralize antigens.
- Vaccination is a method to stimulate artificial active immunity.
Cytotoxic T Cells Functions
- Cytotoxic T cells release perforin to induce apoptosis in infected cells, similar to natural killer cells.
- They recognize and act on cancer cells, playing a vital role in immune defense.
Conclusion
- Understanding the lymphatic system and immune responses is fundamental to grasping how the body protects itself against diseases and infections.
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