30 Questions
What is the main characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What is thought to contribute to the destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes?
Genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors
What do people inherit that contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes?
Genetic predisposition
What abnormal response is seen in type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune response
What have been detected in people at the time of diagnosis and even several years before the development of clinical signs of type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against islet cells and endogenous insulin
What is the role of human leukocyte antigen types in the development of type 1 diabetes?
They are associated with genetic susceptibility
What continues to be investigated as potential initiators of beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes?
Viruses or toxins
What is the primary target of the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes?
Islet cells
What is the role of endogenous insulin in type 1 diabetes?
It is targeted by autoantibodies
What is the evidence of an abnormal response in type 1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies against normal tissues
What is the recommended daily minimum of carbohydrates for women with gestational diabetes?
175 g
What percentage of women with gestational diabetes can control blood glucose levels with lifestyle modifications alone?
70% to 80%
What is the target range for blood glucose levels during pregnancy for women with gestational diabetes?
140 to 180 mg/dL (7.8 to 10 mmol/L)
How often should women with a history of gestational diabetes be screened for the development of diabetes or prediabetes?
Every 3 years
What should women at high or average risk for gestational diabetes have if they exceed the glucose threshold value of 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)?
Oral glucose tolerance test
What is the first step in the initial management for women at high or average risk for gestational diabetes?
Dietary modification
What is the glucose threshold value that triggers further testing for women at high or average risk for gestational diabetes?
140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
What is the percentage of women who usually see their blood glucose levels return to normal after delivery?
80% to 90%
What is the recommended daily minimum of protein for women with gestational diabetes?
71 g
What is the recommended daily minimum of fiber for women with gestational diabetes?
28 g
What is the main cause of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?
Unrestrained glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Which syndrome may result from insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
Metabolic syndrome
What is a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
Previous history of gestational diabetes
What is the recommended timing for screening gestational diabetes in high-risk women?
Between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation
Which condition may result from type 2 diabetes but not typically from type 1 diabetes?
Metabolic syndrome
What contributes to hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?
Unrestrained glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What is the main cause of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
What is a long-term complication that may occur before the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)
What causes fluid and electrolyte loss in diabetes?
Glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
What leads to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetes?
Increased ketone body production
Study Notes
Understanding Diabetes: Types and Complications
- Destruction of beta cells leads to decreased insulin production and increased glucose production by the liver, resulting in hyperglycemia.
- Excess glucose in the blood can lead to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis, causing fluid and electrolyte loss.
- Insulin deficiency leads to unrestrained glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, contributing to hyperglycemia, and increased ketone body production, leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
- Type 2 diabetes is more common in older individuals and those with obesity, but its incidence is increasing in younger individuals due to the obesity epidemic.
- Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the main issues in type 2 diabetes, leading to elevated glucose levels.
- Insulin resistance may also result in metabolic syndrome, characterized by symptoms like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
- Type 2 diabetes does not typically lead to DKA but may result in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS).
- Type 2 diabetes onset may go undetected for many years, leading to long-term complications before diagnosis.
- Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to insulin resistance from placental hormones.
- High-risk groups for gestational diabetes include those with obesity, a history of gestational diabetes, or a strong family history of diabetes.
- Women at high risk should be screened for gestational diabetes at their first prenatal visit and between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation if initially negative.
- All women of average risk should be tested for gestational diabetes at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation.
Test your knowledge of diabetes types and complications with this quiz. Explore topics such as insulin production, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and screening recommendations for high-risk groups.
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