Diabetes Pharmacology Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

Insulin resistance

Pancreatic β-cell destruction (correct)

Excessive insulin production

None of the above

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?

Hypoglycemia

Increased appetite

Weight gain

GI disturbances (correct)

Sulfonylureas primarily act by:

Increasing insulin sensitivity

Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion (correct)

Inhibiting glucose absorption

Decreasing hepatic glucose production

Which class of drugs is known for causing weight loss as a beneficial side effect?

SGLT2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is most commonly associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

Cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of diabetes?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the most serious adverse effect of insulin therapy?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Thiazolidinediones have been associated with an increased risk of:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is typically the first choice for Type 2 Diabetes treatment?

Biguanides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of insulin resistance?

Acanthosis nigricans Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin type has the fastest onset of action?

Rapid-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a contraindication for the use of Thiazolidinediones?

Congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of diabetes management?

Managing blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics?

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Signup and view all the answers

Gestational diabetes is most likely to develop during:

The third trimester Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs has the lowest risk of causing hypoglycemia?

Biguanides Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first step in managing newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes?

Lifestyle modification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result in hypoglycemia?

Skipping meals after insulin administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about insulin regimens?

Basal-bolus regimens provide better blood sugar control. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mimicked by GLP-1 agonists?

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

Genital infections Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is most associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells?

Type 1 Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which oral diabetes medication is known to reduce hepatic glucose production?

Biguanides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes?

Acute pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures?

Thiazolidinediones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?

Long-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

DPP-4 inhibitors act by:

Increasing incretin levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of GLP-1 agonists?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most commonly used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes?

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Signup and view all the answers

The 'basal' component in basal-bolus insulin therapy refers to:

Long-acting insulin to maintain fasting glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is recommended as a second-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes after metformin?

SGLT2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas?

Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is NOT directly related to insulin therapy?

Hyperlipidemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using GLP-1 agonists in diabetes management?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication for insulin therapy in Type 2 Diabetes?

Poor glucose control with oral medications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug classes should be used with caution in patients with heart failure?

Thiazolidinediones Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is most effective in preventing the progression of Type 2 Diabetes?

Lifestyle modification Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided in patients with severe renal impairment?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major risk factor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is inhibited by the drug class known as α-glucosidase inhibitors?

Sucrase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a potential long-term complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes?

Peripheral neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is often used in combination with insulin to reduce insulin dosage in obese patients?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle modification is most effective in reducing the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes?

Regular physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the target HbA1c level for most adults with diabetes, according to current guidelines?

7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

Pancreatic β-cell destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?

GI disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?

SGLT2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?

Long-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Sweet-smelling breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?

Renal Replacement Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?

Severe hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?

Serum Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?

Juxtaglomerular cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?

Hypoalbuminemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?

Phosphate binders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?

Peritonitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?

ACE inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of CKD by lowering glomerular pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.

A significant disadvantage of loop diuretics is the risk of hypokalemia, which can lead to arrhythmias and other complications. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the progression of CKD by lowering blood glucose and blood pressure and promoting natriuresis. Signup and view all the answers

List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.

A con of using ESAs is the increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke and hypertension due to elevated hemoglobin levels. Signup and view all the answers

What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?

The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells.
Type 2 Diabetes primarily results from insulin resistance and lifestyle factors.

Common Medications and Mechanisms

Metformin, a biguanide, reduces hepatic glucose production; common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and rare lactic acidosis.
Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas but can cause hypoglycemia.
SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting weight loss but can lead to genital infections and ketoacidosis.
GLP-1 agonists mimic glucagon-like peptide-1, promoting weight loss and cardiovascular protection; common adverse effects include nausea and vomiting.

Insulin Therapy

Rapid-acting insulin has the fastest onset of action, typically 0.25-0.5 hours.
Long-acting insulin is usually administered once daily to maintain fasting glucose levels.
The most serious adverse effect of insulin therapy is hypoglycemia, with weight gain being a common issue.

Diabetes Management and Monitoring

Diabetes management focuses primarily on maintaining blood glucose levels.
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used for long-term glucose control monitoring; typical target levels are less than 7%.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) provides immediate feedback on blood glucose levels.

Complications and Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease are major complications associated with poorly controlled diabetes.
Common symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and blurred vision; weight gain is not a typical symptom.

Lifestyle Factors and Prevention

A sedentary lifestyle significantly increases the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes.
Regular physical activity is the most effective lifestyle modification to reduce the risk of Type 2 Diabetes.
The most effective first step in managing newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes is lifestyle modification rather than medication.

Other Drug Classes

Thiazolidinediones, linked to weight gain and increased risk of heart failure and bone fractures, should be used cautiously in patients with heart conditions.
DPP-4 inhibitors increase incretin levels, providing a glucose-lowering effect without significant hypoglycemia.

Special Conditions

Gestational diabetes develops more commonly in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Medications like Pioglitazone are contraindicated in patients with a history of bladder cancer.

Miscellaneous

Short-acting insulin is administered after meals, while basal-bolus regimens provide more flexible meal planning.
Skipping meals after insulin administration is a common cause of hypoglycemia.

Summary

Early recognition of diabetes symptoms and effective management through medications and lifestyle changes are crucial for improving patient outcomes and preventing complications.

Type 1 Diabetes is primarily caused by pancreatic β-cell destruction.
Metformin commonly causes gastrointestinal disturbances.
SGLT2 inhibitors mainly function by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
SGLT2 inhibitors also aid in lowering blood glucose and blood pressure, promoting natriuresis.

Insulin Types

Long-acting insulin has no peak activity, providing a steady release of insulin.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A sweet-smelling breath is a classic sign of DKA.

Renal Function and Assessment

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the primary marker used to evaluate renal function.
Serum Creatinine is commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical settings.

Hormonal Regulation of Renal Function

Prostaglandins increase renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles.

Nephrotoxicity and Drug Effects

NSAIDs are known to be nephrotoxic, posing risks to kidney function.
Metformin in certain situations can also affect kidney function, but usually not nephrotoxic.

Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, often within hours or days.
The most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is Diabetes Mellitus.

Electrolyte Imbalances in CKD

Hyperkalemia is a common complication associated with CKD.
Hypocalcemia may also occur as patients progress through stages of CKD.

End-Stage Kidney Disease Management

Renal Replacement Therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
Severe hyperkalemia indicates a need for immediate dialysis in CKD patients.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Hypoalbuminemia is a characteristic sign of nephrotic syndrome.

Management Strategies in CKD

ACE inhibitors help manage CKD by reducing proteinuria and slowing disease progression.
Loop diuretics can lead to hypokalemia, a significant disadvantage.

Dialysis and Complications

Peritonitis is a common complication associated with peritoneal dialysis.
Hyperkalemia poses risks like arrhythmias in patients with CKD.

Monitoring in Diabetes and CKD

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the key test for assessing long-term glucose control in diabetic patients with CKD.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Type 1 Diabetes and its treatment options with this quiz. Explore questions related to insulin mechanisms and common medications like Metformin and Sulfonylureas. Perfect for students in health and medical science courses.