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1\. \*\*What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin resistance \- B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction \- C) Excessive insulin production \- D) None of the above 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?\*\* \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \...

1\. \*\*What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin resistance \- B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction \- C) Excessive insulin production \- D) None of the above 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Metformin?\*\* \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \- C) GI disturbances \- D) Increased appetite 3\. \*\*Sulfonylureas primarily act by:\*\* \- A) Increasing insulin sensitivity \- B) Inhibiting glucose absorption \- C) Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion \- D) Decreasing hepatic glucose production 4\. \*\*Which class of drugs is known for causing weight loss as a beneficial side effect?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) SGLT2 inhibitors \- D) Biguanides 5\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?\*\* \- A) Increasing insulin secretion \- B) Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys \- C) Enhancing glucose uptake in muscles \- D) Reducing hepatic glucose production 6\. \*\*Which complication is most commonly associated with Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Ketoacidosis \- B) Cardiovascular disease \- C) Acute pancreatitis \- D) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 7\. \*\*Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of diabetes?\*\* \- A) Polyuria \- B) Polydipsia \- C) Weight gain \- D) Blurred vision 8\. \*\*What is the most serious adverse effect of insulin therapy?\*\* \- A) Weight gain \- B) Lipohypertrophy \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Gastrointestinal upset 9\. \*\*Thiazolidinediones have been associated with an increased risk of:\*\* \- A) Cardiovascular events \- B) Bone fractures \- C) Bladder cancer \- D) All of the above 10\. \*\*Which drug class is typically the first choice for Type 2 Diabetes treatment?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) Biguanides \- D) Insulin 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of insulin resistance?\*\* \- A) Ketoacidosis \- B) Acanthosis nigricans \- C) Sudden weight loss \- D) Polyphagia 12\. \*\*Which insulin type has the fastest onset of action?\*\* \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin 13\. \*\*Which condition is a contraindication for the use of Thiazolidinediones?\*\* \- A) Chronic kidney disease \- B) Congestive heart failure \- C) Liver cirrhosis \- D) Pancreatitis 14\. \*\*What is the primary focus of diabetes management?\*\* \- A) Maintaining normal cholesterol levels \- B) Managing blood glucose levels \- C) Preventing gastrointestinal disturbances \- D) Avoiding insulin use 15\. \*\*Which test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics?\*\* \- A) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) \- B) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) \- C) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) \- D) Random Blood Glucose (RBG) 16\. \*\*Gestational diabetes is most likely to develop during:\*\* \- A) The first trimester \- B) The second trimester \- C) The third trimester \- D) Postpartum period 17\. \*\*Which of the following drugs has the lowest risk of causing hypoglycemia?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Biguanides \- C) Insulin \- D) Thiazolidinediones 18\. \*\*What is the recommended first step in managing newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Initiating insulin therapy \- B) Lifestyle modification \- C) Prescribing sulfonylureas \- D) Bariatric surgery 19\. \*\*Which of the following can result in hypoglycemia?\*\* \- A) Skipping meals after insulin administration \- B) Overeating carbohydrates \- C) Insulin resistance \- D) Low physical activity 20\. \*\*Which of the following is true about insulin regimens?\*\* \- A) Basal-bolus regimens involve two daily injections. \- B) Split-mixed regimens are more flexible than basal-bolus. \- C) Basal-bolus regimens provide better blood sugar control. \- D) Split-mixed regimens are ideal for those who need to skip meals. \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Pancreatic β-cell destruction 2\. C) GI disturbances 3\. C) Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion 4\. C) SGLT2 inhibitors 5\. B) Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys 6\. B) Cardiovascular disease 7\. C) Weight gain 8\. C) Hypoglycemia 9\. D) All of the above 10\. C) Biguanides 11\. B) Acanthosis nigricans 12\. A) Rapid-acting insulin 13\. B) Congestive heart failure 14\. B) Managing blood glucose levels 15\. C) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 16\. C) The third trimester 17\. B) Biguanides 18\. B) Lifestyle modification 19\. A) Skipping meals after insulin administration 20\. C) Basal-bolus regimens provide better blood sugar control \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 2 1\. \*\*Which hormone is mimicked by GLP-1 agonists?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Glucagon \- C) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) \- D) Gastrin 2\. \*\*What is the most common side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?\*\* \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \- C) Genital infections \- D) Gastrointestinal upset 3\. \*\*Which type of diabetes is most associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells?\*\* \- A) Type 1 Diabetes \- B) Type 2 Diabetes \- C) Gestational Diabetes \- D) Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) 4\. \*\*Which oral diabetes medication is known to reduce hepatic glucose production?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Biguanides \- C) DPP-4 inhibitors \- D) SGLT2 inhibitors 5\. \*\*Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes?\*\* \- A) Retinopathy \- B) Neuropathy \- C) Nephropathy \- D) Acute pancreatitis 6\. \*\*Which drug class is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) GLP-1 agonists \- D) Biguanides 7\. \*\*Which of the following insulin types has no peak activity?\*\* \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin 8\. \*\*DPP-4 inhibitors act by:\*\* \- A) Blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney \- B) Enhancing insulin sensitivity \- C) Increasing incretin levels \- D) Inhibiting hepatic glucose production 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a common side effect of GLP-1 agonists?\*\* \- A) Weight gain \- B) Nausea and vomiting \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Hyperglycemia 10\. \*\*Which test is most commonly used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes?\*\* \- A) Random Blood Glucose (RBG) \- B) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) \- C) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) \- D) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 11\. \*\*The \"basal\" component in basal-bolus insulin therapy refers to:\*\* \- A) Rapid-acting insulin given before meals \- B) Short-acting insulin given after meals \- C) Long-acting insulin to maintain fasting glucose levels \- D) Intermediate-acting insulin given at night 12\. \*\*Which drug class is recommended as a second-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes after metformin?\*\* \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) SGLT2 inhibitors \- D) DPP-4 inhibitors 13\. \*\*What is the primary action of insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas?\*\* \- A) Increase insulin sensitivity \- B) Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas \- C) Delay carbohydrate absorption \- D) Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys 14\. \*\*Which of the following complications is NOT directly related to insulin therapy?\*\* \- A) Weight gain \- B) Hypoglycemia \- C) Lipohypertrophy \- D) Hyperlipidemia 15\. \*\*What is a key benefit of using GLP-1 agonists in diabetes management?\*\* \- A) They reduce the need for insulin injections. \- B) They promote significant weight loss. \- C) They have a long-term cardioprotective effect. \- D) All of the above 16\. \*\*Which of the following is an indication for insulin therapy in Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Poor glucose control with oral medications \- B) Severe hypoglycemia \- C) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state \- D) Presence of diabetic retinopathy 17\. \*\*Which of the following drug classes should be used with caution in patients with heart failure?\*\* \- A) SGLT2 inhibitors \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) DPP-4 inhibitors \- D) GLP-1 agonists 18\. \*\*Which adverse effect is associated with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors?\*\* \- A) Ketoacidosis \- B) Weight gain \- C) Edema \- D) Nausea 19\. \*\*Which of the following strategies is most effective in preventing the progression of Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin therapy \- B) Lifestyle modification \- C) Early initiation of sulfonylureas \- D) Bariatric surgery 20\. \*\*Which medication should be avoided in patients with severe renal impairment?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Insulin \- C) Sulfonylureas \- D) DPP-4 inhibitors \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. C) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) 2\. C) Genital infections 3\. A) Type 1 Diabetes 4\. B) Biguanides 5\. D) Acute pancreatitis 6\. B) Thiazolidinediones 7\. D) Long-acting insulin 8\. C) Increasing incretin levels 9\. B) Nausea and vomiting 10\. C) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) 11\. C) Long-acting insulin to maintain fasting glucose levels 12\. C) SGLT2 inhibitors 13\. B) Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas 14\. D) Hyperlipidemia 15\. D) All of the above 16\. A) Poor glucose control with oral medications 17\. B) Thiazolidinediones 18\. A) Ketoacidosis 19\. B) Lifestyle modification 20\. A) Metformin \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 3 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a hallmark sign of Type 1 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Obesity \- B) Insulin resistance \- C) Autoimmune destruction of β-cells \- D) Gradual onset in older adults 2\. \*\*Which of the following drugs works by inhibiting DPP-4 enzyme?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Sitagliptin \- C) Glipizide \- D) Pioglitazone 3\. \*\*Which type of diabetes is most likely to present with ketoacidosis?\*\* \- A) Type 1 Diabetes \- B) Type 2 Diabetes \- C) Gestational Diabetes \- D) Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) 4\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hypoglycemia?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Glimepiride \- C) Sitagliptin \- D) Dapagliflozin 5\. \*\*Which condition is GLP-1 agonists particularly beneficial in managing, besides diabetes?\*\* \- A) Obesity \- B) Hypertension \- C) Dyslipidemia \- D) Hyperthyroidism 6\. \*\*Which of the following insulin types is usually administered once daily?\*\* \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin 7\. \*\*What is a potential serious side effect of Metformin?\*\* \- A) Lactic acidosis \- B) Hypoglycemia \- C) Liver toxicity \- D) Pancreatitis 8\. \*\*Which of the following is true regarding insulin pumps?\*\* \- A) They require multiple daily injections. \- B) They provide a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. \- C) They are less effective than insulin injections. \- D) They cannot be used with rapid-acting insulin. 9\. \*\*Which of the following drug classes is associated with fluid retention and edema?\*\* \- A) SGLT2 inhibitors \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) DPP-4 inhibitors \- D) GLP-1 agonists 10\. \*\*What is the typical onset of action for rapid-acting insulin?\*\* \- A) 0.25-0.5 hours \- B) 1-2 hours \- C) 2-3 hours \- D) 4-6 hours 11\. \*\*Which drug class reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Biguanides \- B) Sulfonylureas \- C) SGLT2 inhibitors \- D) Thiazolidinediones 12\. \*\*Which type of diabetes is primarily related to lifestyle factors?\*\* \- A) Type 1 Diabetes \- B) Type 2 Diabetes \- C) Gestational Diabetes \- D) Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) 13\. \*\*Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Metformin?\*\* \- A) Weight loss \- B) Low risk of hypoglycemia \- C) Improved insulin sensitivity \- D) Increased insulin secretion 14\. \*\*Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of bladder cancer?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Pioglitazone \- C) Sitagliptin \- D) Insulin 15\. \*\*Which of the following tests provides the most immediate feedback on blood glucose levels?\*\* \- A) HbA1c \- B) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) \- C) Random Blood Glucose (RBG) \- D) Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) 16\. \*\*What is the major complication associated with poorly controlled diabetes?\*\* \- A) Hypothyroidism \- B) Cardiovascular disease \- C) Chronic kidney disease \- D) Both B and C 17\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause hypoglycemia?\*\* \- A) Glipizide \- B) Dapagliflozin \- C) Insulin \- D) Glimepiride 18\. \*\*Which drug class should be avoided in patients with severe heart failure?\*\* \- A) Thiazolidinediones \- B) Biguanides \- C) Sulfonylureas \- D) SGLT2 inhibitors 19\. \*\*Which type of insulin regimen offers the most flexibility in meal planning?\*\* \- A) Split-mixed regimen \- B) Basal-bolus regimen \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin only \- D) Premixed insulin 20\. \*\*Which of the following is the first step in managing gestational diabetes?\*\* \- A) Insulin therapy \- B) Lifestyle modification \- C) Oral hypoglycemic agents \- D) Bariatric surgery \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. C) Autoimmune destruction of β-cells 2\. B) Sitagliptin 3\. A) Type 1 Diabetes 4\. B) Glimepiride 5\. A) Obesity 6\. D) Long-acting insulin 7\. A) Lactic acidosis 8\. B) They provide a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. 9\. B) Thiazolidinediones 10\. A) 0.25-0.5 hours 11\. C) SGLT2 inhibitors 12\. B) Type 2 Diabetes 13\. D) Increased insulin secretion 14\. B) Pioglitazone 15\. D) Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) 16\. D) Both B and C 17\. B) Dapagliflozin 18\. A) Thiazolidinediones 19\. B) Basal-bolus regimen 20\. B) Lifestyle modification \#\#\# Additional Questions: 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a major risk factor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) High fiber diet \- B) Sedentary lifestyle \- C) Excessive water intake \- D) Low protein diet 2\. \*\*Which enzyme is inhibited by the drug class known as α-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A) Amylase \- B) Lactase \- C) Sucrase \- D) Maltase 3\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is a potential long-term complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes?\*\* \- A) Glaucoma \- B) Peripheral neuropathy \- C) Hypothyroidism \- D) Cushing\'s syndrome 4\. \*\*Which drug is often used in combination with insulin to reduce insulin dosage in obese patients?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Glipizide \- C) Sitagliptin \- D) Pioglitazone 5\. \*\*Which lifestyle modification is most effective in reducing the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A) Reducing dietary fat intake \- B) Regular physical activity \- C) Avoiding carbohydrates \- D) Drinking more water 6\. \*\*What is the target HbA1c level for most adults with diabetes, according to current guidelines?\*\* \- A) \