Diabetes Mellitus: Understanding the Condition
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of insulin in the body?

  • To convert energy into fat
  • To break down food into sugar
  • To release sugar into the bloodstream
  • To act as a key to let blood sugar into cells (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

  • The body does not produce insulin (correct)
  • The body overproduces insulin
  • The body produces insulin, but does not use it properly
  • The body is resistant to insulin

    • What percentage of people have Type 1 diabetes?

  • 20%
  • 50%
  • 10%
  • 5% (correct)

    • What is the name of the genes associated with Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>HLA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>The body produces insulin, but does not use it properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of diabetes that is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of people who have Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pancreas in Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It compensates by producing more insulin initially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Low amounts of insulin are secreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a blood test for antibodies in diagnosing diabetes?

    <p>To distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a fasting blood sugar level of 100-125 mg/dL?

    <p>A diagnosis of prediabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is HNF1A MODY?

    <p>A type of diabetes caused by a mutation on the HNF1A gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Immediate insulin injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests?

    <p>A diagnosis of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>The autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transporting oxygen in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step to take when treating a patient with low blood sugar?

    <p>Have the patient sit or lie down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of fast-acting carbohydrates to administer to a patient with low blood sugar?

    <p>15-20 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the A1C test?

    <p>To provide information about average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the patient is unconscious or unable to swallow?

    <p>Call emergency medical services (EMS) immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral manifestation of diabetes?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can diabetes affect the gums?

    <p>Making them more prone to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the patient's blood glucose level stabilizes, what should you provide to maintain blood sugar levels?

    <p>A snack containing complex carbohydrates and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should you recheck the blood glucose level after administering fast-acting carbohydrates?

    <p>After 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for dry mouth caused by diabetes?

    <p>Drinking plenty of water and using saliva substitutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the patient's blood glucose level remains low after administering fast-acting carbohydrates?

    <p>Repeat the carbohydrate administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of gum disease in severe cases?

    <p>Loose teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to manage type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Lifelong insulin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of self-monitoring in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>To learn how to record blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can promote the growth of fungi in the mouth of a diabetic patient?

    <p>High blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of thrush in a diabetic patient?

    <p>White or red patches in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cuts or surgeries in the mouth of a diabetic patient heal slower?

    <p>Because of high blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of Burning Mouth Syndrome in a diabetic patient?

    <p>A burning sensation in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a guideline for managing a diabetic patient in the dental office?

    <p>Scheduling morning appointments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately if a diabetic patient is severely hyperglycemic?

    <p>Call emergency medical services (EMS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first if a diabetic patient is hypoglycemic?

    <p>Stop the dental procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the patient's vital signs be monitored while waiting for EMS?

    <p>To monitor for signs of DKA/HHS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • A chronic health condition that affects how the body turns food into energy.
    • The body breaks down most food into sugar (glucose), releasing it into the bloodstream.
    • When blood sugar levels rise, it signals the pancreas to release insulin, which acts as a key to let blood sugar into the body's cells for energy.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Also known as juvenile diabetes, usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
    • Only 5% of people have this disease, characterized by an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
    • Individuals with type 1 diabetes produce little to no insulin, requiring insulin injections to manage blood sugar levels.
    • Insulin resistance is not a defining feature of type 1 diabetes.
    • The disease involves multiple genes, each contributing a small amount to the overall risk (polygenic).
    • The strongest genetic associations are with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6, particularly HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 alleles.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • The most common form of diabetes (about 90% of cases).
    • The body produces insulin, but does not use it properly.
    • In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin.
    • Initially, the pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, but over time, it cannot keep up, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
    • Insulin resistance is a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes.
    • Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Weight and age
    • Fat distribution
    • Physical inactivity
    • Family history
    • Blood lipid levels
    • Prediabetes
    • Polycystic ovaries

    Diagnosis

    • A blood sample is taken after an 8-hour fast to determine blood sugar levels.
    • A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL is healthy.
    • A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL is considered prediabetes.
    • A level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
    • A blood test for antibodies is used to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
    • The A1C test is a cumulative sugar test that provides information about average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months.

    Managing Type 1 Diabetes

    • Self-monitoring: patients with type 1 diabetes should learn to record their blood glucose levels.
    • Lifelong insulin therapy: managed by taking insulin injections.

    Managing Type 2 Diabetes

    • Maintain an ideal diet and exercise.
    • Use of metformin as the optimal first-line drug unless contraindicated.
    • Ultimately, insulin therapy alone or with other agents may be needed to maintain blood glucose control.

    Oral Manifestations

    • Dry mouth (xerostomia)
    • Tooth decay and root caries
    • Altered taste
    • Thrush
    • Gingivitis and periodontal disease
    • Burning sensation
    • Ulcers
    • Gum disease: diabetes can make gums more prone to infections.
    • Dry mouth: diabetes can reduce saliva production, leading to more cavities and mouth sores.
    • Thrush: high blood sugar can promote the growth of fungi in the mouth.
    • Slow healing: cuts or surgeries in the mouth may heal slower and get infected more easily.
    • Burning mouth syndrome: signs include a burning sensation in the mouth.

    Dental Management

    • Guidelines for managing a diabetic patient in the dental office:
      • Comprehensive medical history
      • Scheduling morning appointments
      • Blood glucose monitoring
      • Stress management
      • Managing xerostomia
      • Caries prevention
      • Post-operative care
      • Emergency treatment

    Emergency Management

    • Hyperglycemia:
      • Assess the patient's blood glucose level and signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).
      • Stop any dental procedure immediately.
      • Ensure the patient is hydrated and comfortable.
      • Seek medical assistance if necessary.
    • Hypoglycemia:
      • Assess the patient's blood glucose level and signs of hypoglycemia.
      • Stop any dental procedure immediately.
      • Have the patient sit or lie down to prevent falls or injuries.
      • Administer fast-acting carbohydrates if the patient is conscious and able to swallow.
      • Recheck the blood glucose level after 15 minutes and repeat carbohydrate administration if necessary.
      • Call emergency medical services (EMS) if the patient is unconscious or unable to swallow.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of diabetes, a chronic health condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. Learn about the role of insulin and how it regulates blood sugar levels.

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