1070 Unit 3

Which characteristic is most indicative of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and increased appetite. These symptoms are most closely associated with which condition?

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

What percentage of individuals with diabetes are classified as having Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus are more prone to which of the following complications when their glucose levels are poorly controlled?

Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose?

Which of the following characteristics describes polysaccharides?

What enzyme secreted by the intestinal mucosa is responsible for breaking-down maltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides?

Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate?

What is the primary function of Glycogenesis?

Which hormone primarily lowers blood glucose levels?

Which metabolic process involves the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources?

Which hormone directly stimulates the production of cortisol?

Which of the following is the primary effect of insulin?

Which pancreatic hormone is secreted by α (alpha) cells of the islets of Langerhans?

A decrease in glucose stimulates the secretion of which of the following hormones?

Which hormone inhibits the secretion of both glucagon and insulin?

Which of the following hormones decreases insulin (glucose uptake)?

What is the primary effect of glucagon?

Which hormone listed below is stimulated in the "fight or flight" syndrome?

What is the most abundant type of organic molecule found in nature?

In what form are carbohydrates stored in the liver?

Which of the following elements are contained in carbohydrates?

Which of the following criteria is NOT used to classify carbohydrates? (CHO, 1:2:1)

What distinguishes an aldose from a ketose?

What are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas called?

In stereoisomers, what do 'D' and 'L' refer to? (Note: You may want to right-click this image and open it in another tab to review with some terminology notes after the question.)

Glucose can be an α or β stereoisomer based on the position of the –OH group relative to the anomeric carbon (highlighted in red here). What does "anomeric carbon" mean? (Note: you may want to right-click on this image and open it in another tab to review some terminology discussion after the question).

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Approximately what percentage of diabetics experience nervous system damage?

Which of the following is a potential complication of diabetes mellitus?

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is characterized by which of the following?

What percentage of pregnancies are affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?

What Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) level would suggest a patient is diabetic? (Normal FPG: <100mg/dL, Pre-diabetic: 100-125mg/dL)

What is the leading cause of death in diabetics?

According to the American Diabetes Association, what 2-hour postload glucose level during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) would be considered NORMAL? (Not prediabetic or diabetic)

What is the recommended amount of anhydrous glucose to be used in an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), as described by the World Health Organization (WHO)?

What plasma glucose level is considered "impaired fasting glucose (IFG)"? (Normal: <100, then Impaired, then Diabetic).

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes in a patient exhibiting classic HYPERglycemia symptoms?

Which of the following is part of Whipple's Triad, used to diagnose HYPOglycemia?

What is the primary role of lipoproteins in the body?

Which of the following is a key component of the outer layer of lipoproteins, contributing to their structural integrity?

What distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?

Which lipoprotein class is characterized by the highest percentage of triglycerides by weight?

Triglycerides derived from plant sources are more likely to contain a high proportion of which type of fatty acid?

Which characteristic is common among all lipids?

Which of the following is a primary function of lipids in the body?

Which lipid class includes hormones such as cortisol and testosterone?

What is the key structural difference between cholesterol and cholesterol esters?

What is the primary source of endogenous cholesterol?

What role do micelles play in cholesterol absorption?

Which of the following lipids is composed of a sphingosine backbone?

Which of the following is an example of a terpene?

Where does the maximum absorption of lipids and cholesterol occur in the small intestine?

What are the two primary fates of cholesterol that reaches the liver?

What process is essential for the absorption of exogenous cholesterol?

What structural feature differentiates saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

What structural characteristic defines a MONOunsaturated fatty acid?

Which of the following is a primary function of sphingolipids within the body?

What is the defining structural feature of prostaglandins?

What is the fundamental structural feature of glycerol? (TRIglyceride pictured here)

What is the primary reason mass assay has replaced immunoinhibition in many laboratories for measuring CK isoenzymes?

A patient's Total CK activity is 200 U/L and the CK-2 mass is measured to be 8 μg/L. What is the Relative Index (RI) for this patient, and what does it suggest?

Which of the following methodologies for measuring CK isoenzymes is considered semiquantitative?

Which CK isoenzyme migrates most rapidly toward the anode during electrophoresis at a pH of 8.6?

What is indicated by a Creatine Kinase (CK) Relative Index (RI) that is greater than 5?

In a normal CK isoenzyme electrophoresis, what is the expected percentage range for CK-MM?

Besides age, what other factor would influence the Creatine Kinase (CK) reference range?

What is the upper limit of the reference range for CK in females, expressed in U/L?

What methodologies measure amylase activity by quantifying the reducing substances formed?

In which condition is serum amylase (AMY) increased, then expected to eventually decrease?

What is the underlying cause of macroamylasemia?

What is a common clinical feature of macroamylasemia?

Which method measures amylase activity by determining the DECREASE in substrate concentration through the addition of iodine?

Besides the salivary glands, which other organ is a primary source of amylase?

In the context of amylase methodologies, what characterizes enzymatic methods?

Which condition might lead to hyperamylasemia?

Which creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme is predominantly found in the BIG BRAIN and central nervous system (CNS)?

An elevation in which creatine kinase isoenzymes suggests damage that is cardiac (MYOCARDIAL) in origin?

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to be associated with an elevated CK-3 (MM) fraction?

In addition to heart muscle, CK-2 (MB) is also found, though to a minor degree, in which tissue?

Which creatine kinase isoenzyme travels the farthest on electrophoresis? That is, which one is most anodal?

Which specimen is best suited when testing CK Methodologies?

Elevated levels of CK-1 (BB) are associated with disorders of the brain and central nervous system. Which of the following conditions would LEAST likely cause elevation of CK-1 (BB)?

In a patient presenting with symptoms of a myocardial infarction, which creatine kinase isoenzyme would be of greatest clinical significance for diagnosis? CK-1 (BB) = Brain-Based CK-2 (MB) = Myocardium-Based CK-3 (MM) = Myo & Muscle

Which of the following is a condition NOT specifically listed as associated with elevated CK-3 (MM) levels? CK-1 (BB) = Brain-Based CK-2 (MB) = Myocardium-Based CK-3 (MM) = Myo & Muscle

Which procedure is LEAST likely to be associated with elevated MM and MB creatine kinase isoenzymes? CK-1 (BB) = Brain-Based CK-2 (MB) = Myocardium-Based CK-3 (MM) = Myo & Muscle

What is the primary function of lipase in the digestive system?

Which positions of the triglyceride are specifically attacked by lipase? Positions are marked as I, II, and III.

Lipase (LPS) is less affected by intra-abdominal conditions than amylase (AMY), making it more specific for detecting what condition?

What is the typical upper reference limit for lipase under the TOOS methodology? (TOOS refers to the indicator-peroxidase method, which can use a number of different dyes including sodium N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyl-3-sulfopropyl)-m-toluidine [TOOS].)

In acute pancreatitis, which enzyme level increase parallels amylase values?

Which of the following conditions can lipase be associated with?

What type of peptide bonds does trypsin hydrolyze?

What is one physiological cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels?

Which condition is most specifically associated with elevated ALP due to increased osteoblastic activity?

What is the normal reference range for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in U/L?

Which modification may lead to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in infants and children?

What substrate is primarily used in the Bowers and McComb method for measuring alkaline phosphatase?

What enzyme is responsible for transferring the γ-glutamyl group in the liver?

Which of the following liver conditions is NOT typically associated with elevated alkaline phosphatase levels?

What is the primary reaction catalyzed by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD)?

Lactate Dehydrogenase is a tetramer (4 polypeptide chains) that comes in five different types (isoenzymes): LD-1 (HHHH) LD-2 (HHHM) LD-3 (HHMM) LD-4 (HMMM) LD-5 (MMMM) Which LD isoenzyme is most closely associated with HEART tissues, and least associated with skeletal MUSCLE tissues?

In which condition might you expect to see elevated levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase?

What effect does hemolysis have on Lactate Dehydrogenase measurement?

Which of the following methodologies is most commonly used to measure Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) activity?

What is a characteristic of LD concentration in tissues compared to serum levels?

Which of the following is a potential cause of elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase levels unrelated to muscle or heart damage?

What are the components of the Lactate Dehydrogenase tetramer (four polypeptide chains)?

What is the optimal pH range for the activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase?

What characteristic distinguishes absolute LD elevation from relative LD elevation?

Besides blood, which other compartments exchange absorbed lead that is not excreted?

Which outcome is associated with ACUTE high-level lead exposure?

What is the critical value threshold for lead in an adult?

What biological effect is associated with methanol ingestion?

What clinical finding is specifically associated with ethylene glycol toxicity (think of antifreeze poisoning)?

What is the primary use of Phenothiazine?

What would a blood lead level of 16 mg/dL indicate in a 10-year-old child?

Acetaminophen toxicity can lead to serious and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity at what dosage level compared to the maximum therapeutic dose?

What is the primary mechanism by which aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) prolongs bleeding times?

Which set of symptoms are associated with salicylism (aspirin overdose) in adults?

Why is aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) generally not recommended for children?

What is the first metabolic product of ethanol when it undergoes oxidation in the liver?

While ethanol is a depressant, what opposite effect does it have on neural activity in some parts of the CNS?

What physiological response related to body temperature occurs due to the cardiovascular effects of ethanol?

What effect does heavy and prolonged ethanol consumption have on the gastric mucosa?

Which characteristic is associated with arsenic serum levels?

What can lower the validity of urine drug screening results?

What is a common household method of adulterating urine specimens?

What does the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) measure?

In what principal tissue sites does cadmium's toxicological impact manifest itself?

Which trace metals classification refers to blood levels in the range of ng/dL or µg/kg?

In drug screening, which parameter is NOT typically tested for urine specimen validity?

Which of the following is a characteristic of chromium deficiency?

What might be an effect of using adulterant products on urine drug tests?

Cobalt is an essential element in what vitamin?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of chronic cobalt exposure?

Which of the following is a characteristic of Wilson disease?

Failure to excrete manganese in BILE may lead to neurotoxicity in patients with which condition?

What is the primary biological role of chromium in the human body?

What clinical disorder is associated with cobalt deficiency?

Which condition is a known toxicity of cadmium exposure?

What is a significant health issue associated with beryllium?

Consequences of chromium deficiency include insulin resistance, weight loss, possible neurological deficits, and what else?

Which metal is classified as possibly essential?

What is a known effect of aluminum toxicity?

Which metal is NOT classified as essential or possibly essential?

How are deficiency symptoms described for metals that are nonessential?

Which of the following is associated with arsenic toxicity?

What is the primary reason that characterization of trace metals can be difficult?

What is a potential health issue associated with antimony toxicity?

What role does aluminum serve in the context of trace metals?

Which of the following metals has no known clinical symptoms linked to LOW levels?

What clinical effect can chronic exposure to arsenic lead to?

Which method relies on SEPARATING lipoproteins BASED ON their varying DENSITIES?

In lipoprotein electrophoresis, HDL (a-Lipoprotein) is the smallest and most dense, thus it travels the farthest under electric current. Which lipoprotein class is largest, least dense, and typically remains at the origin?

Which lipoprotein measurement method involves the selective removal of specific lipoprotein classes, allowing for subsequent quantification of the remaining fractions?

Which of the following physical properties is NOT commonly used to measure and differentiate LIPOprotein classes?