Diabetes Mellitus: Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate percentage of pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes mellitus?

  • 10-15%
  • 1-2%
  • 5-10%
  • 2-5% (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the GALT enzyme in the body?

  • Breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose
  • Converts galactose to glucose (correct)
  • Converts glucose to galactose
  • Converts lactose to glucose

    • Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with galactosemia?

  • Cataracts
  • Kidney disease
  • Developmental delays
  • Type 2 diabetes (correct)

    • What is the mode of inheritance for galactosemia?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Gestational diabetes mellitus is a temporary condition that may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom associated with lactose intolerance?

    <p>Gastrointestinal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of lactose intolerance?

    <p>Lack of the enzyme lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for a diagnosis of galactosemia?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most definitive laboratory test to distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes?

    <p>C-peptide assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Problem with cells that respond to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients with type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can insulin sensitivity be restored in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>With only moderate weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic factor that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Having relatives with type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contributing factor to recent increases in the rate of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Environmental exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment approach for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Increasing physical activity, decreasing carbohydrate intake and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Defects in insulin secretion or action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a potential trigger for an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Lifestyle factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Resistance to insulin's action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency, while Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gestational diabetes is TRUE?

    <p>It is a temporary condition that develops during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Excessive urine production (polyuria)
      • Thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia)
      • Blurred vision
      • Weight loss (in type 1)
      • Lethargy
      • Changes in energy metabolism

    Types of Diabetes Mellitus

    Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

    • Also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
    • Characterized by:
      • Diminished production of insulin
      • Destruction of pancreatic beta cells or inactivity of insulin-producing cells
      • Treated with insulin replacement therapy, dietary management, and blood glucose monitoring
    • Causes:
      • Autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells
      • Genetic predisposition
      • Environmental factors
    • Not caused by lifestyle factors

    Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

    • Also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
    • Characterized by:
      • Resistance to insulin signaling
      • Compensatory increase in beta-cell insulin release
      • Insulin resistance is generally post-receptor
    • Risk factors:
      • Obesity
      • Central obesity
      • Family history
      • Environmental exposures
    • Complications:
      • Renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy
      • Vascular disease
      • Vision damage due to diabetic retinopathy
      • Loss of sensation or pain due to diabetic neuropathy
      • Liver damage from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
      • Heart failure from diabetic cardiomyopathy

    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

    • A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy
    • Resembles type 2 diabetes, but is transient
    • Can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

    Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l)
    • Plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) 2 hours after a 75 g oral glucose load in a glucose tolerance test

    Galactosemia

    • A genetic metabolic disease characterized by a defect in the body's ability to convert galactose to glucose
    • Affects 1 in every 55,000 newborns
    • Caused by a deficiency of the GALT enzyme
    • Inherited in an autosomal recessive manner
    • Complications:
      • Cataracts
      • Developmental delays
      • Jaundice
      • Speech difficulties
      • Hepatomegaly
      • Neurological impairments
      • Kidney disease

    Lactose Intolerance

    • A condition characterized by the inability to fully digest lactose in milk due to decreased lactase enzyme production
    • Symptoms:
      • Diarrhea
      • Gas
      • Bloating after consuming dairy products

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    Related Documents

    Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the definition, signs, and symptoms of diabetes mellitus, including type 1 diabetes, and its effects on carbohydrate metabolism and energy production.

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