Diabetes Mellitus: Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

Questions and Answers

What is the approximate percentage of pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes mellitus?

10-15%

1-2%

5-10%

2-5% (correct)

What is the primary function of the GALT enzyme in the body?

Breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose

Converts galactose to glucose (correct)

Converts glucose to galactose

Converts lactose to glucose

Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with galactosemia?

Cataracts

Kidney disease

Developmental delays

Type 2 diabetes (correct)

What is the mode of inheritance for galactosemia?

Autosomal recessive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes?

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a temporary condition that may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with lactose intolerance?

Gastrointestinal distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of lactose intolerance?

Lack of the enzyme lactase Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for a diagnosis of galactosemia?

Infancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most definitive laboratory test to distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes?

C-peptide assay Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

Problem with cells that respond to insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients with type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of type 2 diabetes?

Diabetic nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

How can insulin sensitivity be restored in type 2 diabetes?

With only moderate weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic factor that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

Having relatives with type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to recent increases in the rate of type 2 diabetes?

Environmental exposures Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial treatment approach for type 2 diabetes?

Increasing physical activity, decreasing carbohydrate intake and weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes mellitus?

Defects in insulin secretion or action Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

Insulin replacement therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with diabetes mellitus?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential trigger for an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells in Type 1 diabetes?

Lifestyle factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Type 2 diabetes?

Resistance to insulin's action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency, while Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gestational diabetes is TRUE?

It is a temporary condition that develops during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
Signs and symptoms:
- Excessive urine production (polyuria)
- Thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia)
- Blurred vision
- Weight loss (in type 1)
- Lethargy
- Changes in energy metabolism

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Characterized by:
- Diminished production of insulin
- Destruction of pancreatic beta cells or inactivity of insulin-producing cells
- Treated with insulin replacement therapy, dietary management, and blood glucose monitoring
Causes:
- Autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental factors
Not caused by lifestyle factors

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Characterized by:
- Resistance to insulin signaling
- Compensatory increase in beta-cell insulin release
- Insulin resistance is generally post-receptor
Risk factors:
- Obesity
- Central obesity
- Family history
- Environmental exposures
Complications:
- Renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy
- Vascular disease
- Vision damage due to diabetic retinopathy
- Loss of sensation or pain due to diabetic neuropathy
- Liver damage from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Heart failure from diabetic cardiomyopathy

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy
Resembles type 2 diabetes, but is transient
Can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l)
Plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) 2 hours after a 75 g oral glucose load in a glucose tolerance test

Galactosemia

A genetic metabolic disease characterized by a defect in the body's ability to convert galactose to glucose
Affects 1 in every 55,000 newborns
Caused by a deficiency of the GALT enzyme
Inherited in an autosomal recessive manner
Complications:
- Cataracts
- Developmental delays
- Jaundice
- Speech difficulties
- Hepatomegaly
- Neurological impairments
- Kidney disease

Lactose Intolerance

A condition characterized by the inability to fully digest lactose in milk due to decreased lactase enzyme production
Symptoms:
- Diarrhea
- Gas
- Bloating after consuming dairy products

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Description

This quiz covers the definition, signs, and symptoms of diabetes mellitus, including type 1 diabetes, and its effects on carbohydrate metabolism and energy production.