Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of longitudinal designs in research?

  • They focus on the neurodevelopment during the foetal period.
  • They assess different age groups at the same time.
  • They collect data from the same participants over a period. (correct)
  • They employ experimental methods to identify relationships.

    • Which research technique focuses on comparing individuals from various cultures?

  • Correlational studies
  • Cross-Cultural Comparison Studies (correct)
  • Case studies
  • Naturalistic observation

    • What characterizes cross-sectional designs in developmental research?

  • They are primarily focused on case studies.
  • They compare different age groups simultaneously. (correct)
  • They lead to significant ethical concerns.
  • They measure developmental changes over time.

    • Which of the following statements is true about the major growth during the foetal period?

    <p>It primarily takes place late in the foetal period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of ethical guidelines in research?

    <p>To protect the rights and welfare of subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary aim of developmental psychology?

    <p>To describe, explain, and predict age-related changes in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech involves two-word phrases with implied meanings?

    <p>Telegraphic Speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes universal changes in child development?

    <p>Cultural constants that influence child growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of children’s needs is most associated with stability and normalcy?

    <p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does resilience refer to in the context of child development?

    <p>The capacity to manage and recover from adversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do environmental influences typically affect a child's development?

    <p>They shape behavior through immediate and cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of individual differences in child development?

    <p>To understand why children react differently to similar situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a neologism in child language development?

    <p>Creating entirely new words not found in any language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is deemed the most critical for healthy psychological development?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive distortion contributes to teens feeling invulnerable?

    <p>Personal Fable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of brain development involves the full development of basic functions like heartbeat?

    <p>Hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction in emotional development between toddlers and older children?

    <p>Toddlers lie to avoid trouble, while older children develop perspective-taking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Dr. Benjamin Spock's views on child-rearing contrast with those of John Watson?

    <p>Watson's approach was seen as indulgent, while Spock's was viewed as emotionally cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first communication step that infants typically engage in?

    <p>Eye Contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trend observed in modern parenting with respect to sources of advice?

    <p>Parents seek diverse opinions from various online platforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the overarching theme of child development according to the provided content?

    <p>Child development progresses from simple behaviors to more complex ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait requires two copies of a gene from each parent to be expressed?

    <p>Thin lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genomic imprinting affect gene expression?

    <p>It marks some genes to alter their expression during inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates polygenic inheritance?

    <p>Multiple genes contributing to the trait of height.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes mitochondrial inheritance?

    <p>Only traits from the mother are passed down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences traits in multifactorial patterns of inheritance?

    <p>A combination of genes and environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

    <p>Height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines inborn temperament regarding genetic heritage?

    <p>It results from genetic contributions observed in the whole unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of resilience as discussed in a generational context?

    <p>Resilience is learned and can be adversely affected by societal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example demonstrates a dominant trait?

    <p>Freckles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of genes having a small effect on characteristics?

    <p>They can collectively determine complex traits like skin color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of maturation as coined by Arnold Gesell?

    <p>It follows genetically programmed sequential patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a critical period from a sensitive period in development?

    <p>Experiences during critical periods are essential, while those during sensitive periods are optimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the critical period for penile growth is missed?

    <p>The individual will not grow a penis at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of animal imprinting, when is the most critical time for ducklings to imprint on a moving object?

    <p>Within the first 72 hours after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following keywords best defines the concept of a sensitive period in the context of language development?

    <p>Optimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the timing of experience theory have on development?

    <p>Timely experiences can enhance or hinder developmental outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding maturationally determined behavior?

    <p>It occurs regardless of external environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the sensory perception of a newborn kitten if its eyes are covered for a few hours?

    <p>It will never develop normal visual perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a sensitive period for learning skills such as singing or ballet?

    <p>Learning is best, but possible at a later age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about critical and sensitive periods in development?

    <p>Both critical and sensitive periods are interchangeable concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect most directly influences how a child perceives experiences and their developmental timing?

    <p>Individual age and maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to affect a child's vulnerability in different environments?

    <p>Favorite color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal structure is highlighted as a significant factor in contributing to systemic inequality and childhood vulnerability?

    <p>The caste system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following external factors is most likely to exert a macro-level influence on children's development?

    <p>War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of time's influence on development, which scenario best illustrates a meaningful difference in outcomes based on timing?

    <p>A child facing health issues during their early versus late teenage years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does shame play in psychological development according to the content?

    <p>It is a societal construct that can be damaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the environment's influence on resilience?

    <p>Resilience is key for navigating life's challenges and is influenced by the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did John Watson's approach to child-rearing deviate from traditional American practices?

    <p>He adopted a strict feeding and sleeping regimen without emotional attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about parental authority after the loss of a parent?

    <p>Maintaining stability is essential for the child's well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Adverse Events Scale help identify in child development?

    <p>Traumatic influences affecting psychological development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In child development, what is the implication of avoiding 'Why' questions?

    <p>They can lead to misunderstandings about actions and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the influence of early 20th-century parenting advice on modern practices?

    <p>It emphasized expert guidance over familial wisdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive distortion is associated with teens feeling invulnerable?

    <p>Personal Fable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hindbrain at birth?

    <p>Basic life functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of emotional development is primarily characterized by lying to avoid trouble?

    <p>Toddlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting approach is often criticized for being overly indulgent?

    <p>Benjamin Spock's recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in communication development for infants?

    <p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does development typically progress from simple to complex behaviors?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these developments tends to improve with age according to developmental psychology?

    <p>Cognitive complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of modern parenting is highlighted in the provided information?

    <p>Increasing use of the internet for advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of brain development remains underdeveloped at birth?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on developmental pathways according to the inborn biases and constraints theory?

    <p>Pre-existing biases affecting experience integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In behavior genetics theory, which group of children is primarily studied to understand genetic contributions to behavior?

    <p>Identical and fraternal twins, and adopted children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the implications of gene-environment interaction theory for child development?

    <p>A child's behavior can influence how others respond to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant aspect emphasized in the internal models of experience within child development?

    <p>A child's personal understanding of experiences is crucial for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes the period when ducks may develop a following response to moving objects?

    <p>Sensitive period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behavior genetics theory, what common factor is observed in serial killers related to the limbic system?

    <p>Lack of emotional engagement in traumatic situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Elizabeth Spelke's claim about babies suggest regarding their understanding of object behavior?

    <p>Babies are born with specific biases that shape their comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a prenatal factor that can influence development?

    <p>Cerebral palsy due to genetic anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is primarily emphasized in the constraints and biases theory within child development?

    <p>Certain genetic biases limit possible developmental pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the concept of habituation play in understanding the behavior of serial killers as discussed in behavior genetics theory?

    <p>It diminishes their ability to empathize with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect stated in the first model of Richard Aslin’s framework?

    <p>Development is solely based on genetic maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model suggests that environmental input is necessary to maintain already developed skills?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model indicates that an experience can lead to a permanent gain in skill level?

    <p>Attunement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is established by the induction model in Aslin's framework?

    <p>Behavior does not develop in the absence of experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models leads to temporary rather than permanent gains?

    <p>Facilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to swim at birth would best exemplify which of Aslin's models?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of core values, how are they primarily obtained during early childhood?

    <p>By observing and interpreting the behavior of adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is characteristic of the attunement model?

    <p>Skills reach an enduringly high level due to specific experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the gains from the third model of environmental influence?

    <p>They are typically only temporary adaptations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental concept about self-models is highlighted in the provided content?

    <p>Self-models shape future experiences and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology - Lesson Notes

    • Developmental Psychology Introduction:
      • Historical perspectives on child-rearing shifted from relying on elders (priests, family members) towards experts (doctors, psychologists) in the 20th century.
      • John Watson emphasized strict routines, while Benjamin Spock advocated affection and flexibility.
      • Modern parents increasingly utilize the internet for advice.
      • Developmental science seeks to understand variables influencing development and predict age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotions, and social relationships.

    Basic Issues in Development

    • Attachment and Resilience:

      • Attachment is crucial for healthy psychological development, though relationships can be repaired later.
      • Resilience is the ability to overcome challenges influenced by the environment.

    • Life Stages and Societal Constructs:

      • Development progresses through silence, squeaks, screams, maturity, decline, and death acceptance.
      • Shame and fear are socially constructed.
      • Maintaining parental stability after loss is vital.
      • Avoid "why" questions; ask about "what happened," "how you feel."
      • The Child's Adverse Event Scale assists in identifying traumatic experiences.
      • Predicting future behavior and understanding adolescent changes is essential.

    • Cognitive Distortions:

      • Personal fable: A cognitive distortion where teens think they're invulnerable; this distorts reality, potentially leading to risk-taking behavior.

    • Emotional Development:

      • Emotional processing differs across ages (e.g., a 2-year-old's lie differs from an adult.)
      • Toddlers lie to avoid trouble; older children demonstrate perspective-taking.

    Child Development Definition

    • Definition:

      • Development involves substantial and enduring changes in physical/neurological structures, thoughts, and behaviors.
      • Early patterns include rolling, sitting, then walking.
      • Simple behaviors precede complex ones.
      • Development typically occurs gradually, not instantaneously.
      • Brain development: The hindbrain is fully developed at birth, while the frontal lobe develops later.

    • First Communication Steps:

      • Eye contact
      • Mimicking
      • Turn-taking

    • Language Development:

      • 2-3 Months: Cooing.
      • Subsequent: Babbling.
      • First Words: Holophrases (single-word phrases).
      • Telegraphic Speech: Two-word phrases (e.g., "biscuit mama").
      • Neologisms: Made-up words (not necessarily articulatory).

    • Goals in Child Development:

      • Universal Changes: Understanding consistent aspects of development across cultures.
      • Individual Differences: Explaining variations in responses or preferences.
      • Environmental Influences: Understanding the impact of context on behavior.

    • Children's Needs:

      • Structure (predictability).
      • Routine (stability).
      • Predictability (security).

    Perspectives on Development

    • Nature vs. Nurture:
      • Nature (hereditary): Genetic traits (dimples, addiction).
      • Nurture (environmental): Physical and social factors influencing biology & psychology.
      • Idealists/Rationalists (Plato, Descartes): Knowledge is inborn.
      • Empiricists (e.g., John Locke): The mind is a blank slate.

    Prenatal and Postnatal Factors

    • Prenatal Factors: Stress, maternal diet (protein/malnutrition), substance use (thalidomide), or chronic illness can influence development. -Specific prenatal factors like smoking, alcohol, and drug use were mentioned.

      • Maternal health issues (e.g., STDs, chronic illness, environmental hazards) also influence development.

    • Postnatal Factors: Abuse, neglect, postpartum depression, trauma, lead exposure.

      • Other postnatal factors mentioned include postnatal depression, intergenerational trauma, and failure to thrive.

    Developmental Sequences and Stages

    • Continuity vs. Discontinuity:

      • Continuous development: Gradual skill accumulation (quantitative).
      • Discontinuous development: New ways of responding emerge in distinct stages (qualitative).
      • Gait: Refers to walking; issues like ataxia involve problems with the cerebellum (part of the brain).

    • Maturation (Gesell): Genetically driven patterns of development, relatively unaffected by environmental influences.

    • Timing of Experience: Critical periods: Specific stimuli are essential for development; sensitive periods: Optimizing development.

    • Prenatal/Perinatal/Postnatal Risks:

      • Prenatal: Cerebral palsy
      • Perinatal: Anoxia
      • Postnatal: Accidents, meningitis.

    • Inborn Biases and Constraints: Development is guided by pre-existing biases or constraints; experiences are filtered through these.

    • Behavior Genetics: The study of genetic contributions to individual differences using twin and adoption studies; genetic predispositions affect temperament and potential for disorders. -The text also noted a link to pathology and temperament.

    • Gene-Environment Interaction: Genes affect the environment, behavior influences adult responses, interpretations are affected by genes. -Genes affect the environment; children affect adult responses; children are influenced by their temperament.

    • Internal Models of Experience: Core values (e.g., "I am loved") shaped in early years influence how experiences are perceived.

    • Aslin's Model of Environmental Influence:

      • Maturation: Genetically-determined (e.g., eye color).
      • Maintenance: Requires environmental input.
      • Facilitation: Experience accelerates skill development (temporary).
      • Attunement: Experience leads to permanent gains.
      • Induction: Experience is absolutely necessary.

    • Ecological Perspective (Bronfenbrenner): Emphasizes the impact of social environments.

      • Microsystem: Direct interactions (e.g., family, teachers).
      • Mesosystem: Relationships between social agents (e.g., teacher-parent).
      • Exosystem: External factors indirectly affecting the child (e.g., parental job).
      • Macrosystem: Broader influences (e.g., culture, economy).
      • Chronosystem: Timing of events in the child's life.

    • Vulnerability and Resilience:

      • Vulnerability: Risk factors (e.g., age, gender, social class, sickness, discrimination).
      • Resilience: Ability to withstand challenges, affected by temperament, genetic traits, and upbringing.

    • Additional Information: Examples of vulnerabilities like LGBTQ+ youth facing harassment, and the resilience concept's fluctuations throughout life.

    Prenatal Development and Newborn

    • Conception and Genetics:

      • Ovum release during ovulation.
      • Fertilization results in a zygote.
      • Zygote implants in the uterus.
      • Chromosomes (23 pairs).
      • Sex chromosomes (X and Y): XX (female), XY (male). -Discussion of conception problems, including sperm count, motility, liquefaction, and maternal age.

    • Stages of Prenatal Development:

      • Germinal (conception to 1-2 weeks)
      • Embryonic (implantation to 8 weeks)
      • Fetal (8 weeks to birth)

    • Atypical Prenatal Development:

      • Ectopic pregnancy: Zygote implants in fallopian tube.

    • Additional Information: Genetic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome) and teratogens (substances or factors harmful to prenatal development) -Specific examples of genetic disorders are given (e.g., PKU, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs).

    Birth and Early Infancy

    • Stages of Labor:

      • Dilation and effacement
      • Delivery
      • Afterbirth

    • Apgar Score: Assessing newborns' health immediately after birth (heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflexes, skin color).

    • Newborn Reflexes: -Adaptive reflexes (crucial for survival): Sucking, swallowing, rooting -Primitive reflexes (not essential for survival): Moro, palmar/plantar grasp, etc -Added discussion of several specific reflexes

    • Behavioral States in Neonates: Deep sleep, active sleep, quiet awake, crying.

    • Physical and Cognitive Abilities:

      • Cephalocaudal/proximodistal development
      • Increased perceptual abilities (vision, hearing).
      • Learning through conditioning (classical, operant).
      • Temperament classifications: Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up.
      • Added description of habituation and schematic learning.

    • Neonates and Health: Nutrition, health care, immunizations.

    Physical Development

    • Brain and Nervous System:

      • Hindbrain: Developed first; controls essential functions (breathing, heart rate).
      • Midbrain and medulla: Fully developed at birth, control essential functions.
      • Cortex: Least developed at birth; controls complex functions. -The text details specific functions of the hindbrain, midbrain, and medulla, and notes the cortex is least developed at birth.

    • Critical Processes:

      • Growth spurts: Localized growth in different brain areas.
      • Synaptic development: Creation and pruning of neural connections.
      • Myelination: Formation of insulation around axons improving conductivity.
      • Lateralization: Hemispheric specialization of function begins.

    • Body Changes:

      • Growth patterns: Spurts.
      • Bone development: Ossification.
      • Muscle development.
      • Fat storage. -Additional points on differences in bone development, muscle growth, and fat distribution between genders, particularly during adolescence.

    Defining Personality

    • Personality Definition: Enduring patterns of interacting with others and the environment.

    • Big Five: Dimensions describing adult personality (e.g., openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).

    • Child Personality: The Big Five describe late childhood/adolescent personality, but other factors like activity level are also important.

    • Temperament and Infant Personality: Temperament, observable in infancy, influences personality.

    • Genetic and Biological Factors: Genetically determined responses, physiological processes, enduring temperaments.

    • Learning Explanations: Reinforcement patterns, modeling, observational learning.

    Psychosexual and Psychosocial Development

    • Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Stages of development centered on the erogenous zones

      • Oral (0-1 year)
      • Anal (2-3 years): Focus on toilet training
      • Phallic (3-6 years): Exploration of genitals; identification with the same-sex parent
      • Latency (6-puberty): Sexual urges subside, development of ego defense mechanisms
      • Genital (puberty/adulthood): Mature sexual relationships

    • Erikson's Psychosocial Stages: Development involves resolving psychosocial crises

      • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 months)
      • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)
      • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
      • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
      • Identity vs. Identity Confusion (adolescence)
      • Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
      • Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
      • Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood)

    • Marcia's Identity Achievement Theory: Achievement of identity requires both exploration (crisis) and commitment.

      • Identity statuses: Identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, identity achievement.

    • Bowlby's Attachment Theory: Attachment develops in phases, influenced by caregiver responsiveness.

      • Bowlby's stages were outlined in more detail.

    The Ecology of Development (Bronfenbrenner)

    • Bioecological Theory: Child development within nested systems, with these systems from the inside out: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
      • Definitions and examples of each system were given along with a figure.

    Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

    • Parenting Styles:
      • Permissive
      • Authoritarian
      • Authoritative

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    Developmental Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

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    Test your knowledge of key concepts in developmental psychology with this engaging quiz. It covers various aspects such as research designs, child development, and the importance of ethical guidelines. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding human growth and development.

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