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Questions and Answers
A researcher wants to study the long-term effects of early childhood education on academic achievement. Which of the following research designs would be MOST suitable for this purpose?
A researcher wants to study the long-term effects of early childhood education on academic achievement. Which of the following research designs would be MOST suitable for this purpose?
- A correlational study examining the relationship between parental income and children's test scores.
- An experimental study randomly assigning children to either attend or not attend early childhood education programs and comparing their academic performance after one year.
- A cross-sectional study comparing the academic performance of different age groups at a single point in time.
- A longitudinal study tracking the academic progress of a group of children who attended early childhood education programs over several years. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of experience-expectant plasticity in brain development?
Which of the following is an example of experience-expectant plasticity in brain development?
- The development of language skills in infants exposed to spoken language. (correct)
- A child learning to play a musical instrument through dedicated practice.
- The recovery of motor function after a stroke through physical therapy.
- Changes in brain structure resulting from chronic stress.
A researcher is investigating the effects of a new drug on prenatal development. To minimize potential harm to the developing fetus, at which stage of prenatal development should the drug be tested?
A researcher is investigating the effects of a new drug on prenatal development. To minimize potential harm to the developing fetus, at which stage of prenatal development should the drug be tested?
- Embryonic period, when major organs are forming.
- Germinal period, before implantation. (correct)
- Any stage, as long as the dosage is carefully controlled.
- Fetal period, during the third trimester.
A study finds a strong correlation between the amount of time children spend playing video games and their levels of aggression. Which of the following conclusions is MOST warranted based on this finding?
A study finds a strong correlation between the amount of time children spend playing video games and their levels of aggression. Which of the following conclusions is MOST warranted based on this finding?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of allostatic load in relation to maternal stress during pregnancy?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of allostatic load in relation to maternal stress during pregnancy?
A child has a genetic condition where they have an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as?
A child has a genetic condition where they have an extra copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as?
A researcher wants to determine if a new reading intervention program improves reading comprehension scores for third-grade students. Which experimental design would be MOST rigorous in determining cause and effect?
A researcher wants to determine if a new reading intervention program improves reading comprehension scores for third-grade students. Which experimental design would be MOST rigorous in determining cause and effect?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the critical period in development?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the critical period in development?
Flashcards
Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation
Methods that involve watching and recording actions in a natural setting.
Experiment
Experiment
A controlled study to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Teratogens
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development.
Maternal emotional state/stress
Maternal emotional state/stress
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Brain Plasticity
Brain Plasticity
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Sensitive Period
Sensitive Period
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Genes
Genes
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Study Notes
- Exam 1: Thurs, Feb 13, in class, covers material by topic.
Introduction to Child Development
- Includes enduring themes and examples of such themes, and understanding differences among them, especially individual differences.
- Studies can illustrate ideas, but detailed knowledge is not expected.
Developmental Methods
- The scientific method
- Reliability and validity will be assumed but not specifically tested.
- Naturalistic and Structured contexts, including features and advantages/disadvantages
- Developmental designs: cross-sectional, longitudinal, microgenetic designs, definitions, and purpose each one serves.
- Research question and decide which developmental design would be most appropriate to use
- Correlation Coefficient r: interpret size and sign
- Difference between correlational and experimental design; role of random assignment and relationship to causal inferences
- Additional terms: third-variable problem, random assignment, independent and dependent variables.
Prenatal Development, Part 1
- Conception versus last menstrual period dating systems
- Terms of each stage of prenatal development, emphasizing those covered in class
- Prenatal activity and sensory experience, including how these are measured and any specific studies described in the lecture.
- Fetal learning
- Use of non-nutritive sucking to assess knowledge and learning/memory
- Habituation/dishabituation paradigm
- Key details of studies, including DeCasper & Spence, 1986, and Mennella et al, 2001
Prenatal Development, Part 2: Teratogens
- Hazards to prenatal development
- Times of greatest risk to major body systems
- Specific teratogens: Thalidomide, Alcohol, Lead, the viruses Rubella and Zika
- Maternal Emotional State/Stress, including allostatic load as it relates to infant mortality
- Negative Outcomes at Birth: Infant Mortality (p. 73) and the Low Birth Weight section (p. 74)
- Infant mortality statistics and trends; racial breakdown and relationship to maternal stress
Brain Development
- Structures of the neuron and cortical specialization
- Functions associated with each cortical lobe
- Functions associated with structures of the neuron
- Synapse
- Developmental processes, esp pruning
- Neurogenesis, neural tube, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, pruning
- Consequences of timing of pruning/maturation in different parts of the brain, including details of adolescence example
- Importance of experience
- Plasticity and its relationship to pruning; critical or sensitive periods
- Examples: Language; stereo vision
Genetics
- Background and genetics terms i.e. genotype, phenotype, environment, chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous.
- Individual Differences concept
- Behavior Genetics
- Logic of classic twin study
- Concept of heritability and environmental differences
- Non-additive effects of genes and environment (“complications" to independence of genes and environments)
- Gene-environment interactions.
- Gene-environment correlations: passive, evocative, and active.
- Scarr's factors that produce individual differences
Perception
- Development of visual acuity
- Methods for testing infant visual acuity
- Consequences of poor acuity for object exploration
- Cues for object segregation and their development in infants, including specific experimental paradigms when applicable and what they showed
- Development of Depth Perception
- Cues for depth perception and their development in infants including specific experimental paradigms and what they showed
Motor Development
- Reflexes
- Present before birth; involuntary/automatic; significance.
- Reflexes described in class including stimulus, pattern of action, and age of disappearance or change if applicable.
- Milestones
- Effects of parenting behaviors on timing of milestones (cultural effects
- Effects of milestones on other aspects of development
- Dynamic Systems theory
- Multiple factors impact the development of motor skills
- Relationship between self-locomotion and spatial knowledge (visual cliff, egocentrism);
- Effects of motor training on motor abilities and cognition (sticky mittens)
- Adolph studies on learning after each motor skill transition
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Description
Introduction to Child Development, enduring themes, and individual differences. Developmental methods, scientific method, reliability, validity, and research designs. Correlation coefficient r, correlational and experimental design covered.
