Developmental Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does maturation refer to in psychology?

Changes primarily due to the passage of time (correct)

Any learned behavior acquired through experience

The integration of cognitive and emotional development

Changes driven by environmental factors

Which of the following is NOT one of the four domains examined during infancy and childhood?

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Emotional Support (correct)

Brain Development

Which of these developmental theories focuses on the stages of cognitive development?

Lev Vygotsky's Theory

Jean Piaget's Theory (correct)

Erik Erikson's Theory

B.F. Skinner's Behaviorism

How does experience affect maturation according to developmental psychology?

It can adjust the timing of certain developmental milestones. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does a child typically exhibit egocentrism according to Piaget's stages?

Preoperational Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of maturation in relation to behavior changes in infants?

It enables orderly, sequential changes in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In Lev Vygotsky's perspective, which aspect is emphasized in cognitive development?

Cognitive growth through social interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the sequence of physical development in infants?

Infants sit up, then crawl, and finally walk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

Infants know the world through sensory impressions and motor activities. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically master the concept of object permanence?

Around 8 months Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'egocentrism' refer to in the context of Piaget's preoperational stage?

The failure to understand that others have different perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

Children cannot understand the concept of conservation. Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, why might infants show surprise at certain numerical concepts?

They can notice violations in physical laws. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'theory of mind' refer to in cognitive development?

The capacity to infer the mental states of others. Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do children begin to develop an understanding of basic physical laws, such as gravity?

Sensorimotor stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about children's cognitive abilities in the sensorimotor stage?

They understand object permanence at birth. Signup and view all the answers

At what rate do brain cells form in the womb?

250,000 per minute (ie, over 4000 per sec.) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the influence on motor development?

Universal in sequence with some variation in timing. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is primarily affected by infantile amnesia?

Conscious memory Signup and view all the answers

How do infants demonstrate their ability to learn and remember?

By kicking to move a mobile and retaining that memory for a month. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily guides motor development in infants?

Genetic factors and some environmental influences. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do babies typically limit their vocal sounds to those of their home language environment?

By one year. Signup and view all the answers

What does brain maturation enable in infants?

The sequence of motor development milestones. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with early childhood brain development?

Brain development is immature at birth. Signup and view all the answers

What ability do children demonstrate by 3½ to 4½ years of age regarding theory of mind?

Realizing others may hold false beliefs Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to exhibit a concrete operational stage according to Piaget?

Ages 6-7 Signup and view all the answers

What key cognitive ability do children develop in the concrete operational stage?

Understanding change in form before quantity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects current thinking about Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Development is continuous and children show earlier abilities than Piaget thought. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'False Belief Test' in relation to theory of mind?

Evaluating understanding of others having different thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill do children develop around the age of 4 to 5 years?

Anticipating the false beliefs of friends Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive transformations do children begin to understand during the concrete operational stage?

Reversibility of operations Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reevaluation of Piaget's theory in contemporary research?

Children's mental abilities manifest even earlier than Piaget suggested. Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by parents who impose rules and expect obedience?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What positive outcome is most commonly associated with authoritative parenting?

High self-reliance Signup and view all the answers

By ages 8-10, how does a child’s self-concept typically evolve?

From viewing themselves solely in the mirror to recognizing personal skills and preferences Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style submits to children's desires without enforcing limits or standards?

Permissive Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a stable and positive understanding of one's identity, crucial during childhood development?

Self-concept Signup and view all the answers

At what age does stranger anxiety typically develop in children?

9 to 13 months Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why children exhibit stranger anxiety?

They develop schemas for primary caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

How does time in daycare generally impact separation anxiety in children?

It has no significant effect on separation anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by clinging and less exploration?

Insecure attachment (anxious style) Signup and view all the answers

In Mary Ainsworth's 'strange situation' test, what behavior does a securely attached child typically exhibit?

They seek contact with the mother upon her return. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to healthy attachments in children in daycare settings?

Consistent warm interactions with multiple caretakers. Signup and view all the answers

What does research suggest about the wariness of strangers in children?

It may be an evolutionary trait suggesting potential danger. Signup and view all the answers

What reaction do children typically show when their mother leaves in the strange situation test?

They become upset. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 15: Infancy and Childhood (10/24)

Course module for Infancy and Childhood, 11th Edition
Textbook authors: David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall
Copyright 2015, Worth Publishers

Module Score

A+: 10 points
A: 9 points
A-: 8 points
B/C: 7 points
D/F: 0-6 points
Transfer percentage scores and class means to a fresh CE5b printout
Record actual percentage scores for 0-6 range
Review instructions for CE5b with 6 data points
Do not create graphs until feedback from CE5a is received

The 2nd Quarter

Initiate a new, fresh log sheet (CE4b)
Fill in the log sheet with module numbers 15-23 (one per column)
Update CE5b similarly to the log sheet above
For October 29th, modules 16-17 will need separate columns in CE5b
Complete a revised CE7a Outline; consult the latest Nexus post (simplification)
Due date for submission is October 29th

Today's Instructions

Re-boot your device for each class session to avoid iClicker app timing outs
Adhere to early departure procedures (sit at back, leave/exit after each slide, quiet exit via rear doors)
Utilize the provided 1-12 numbered scoresheet

Aspects of Starting to Grow Up: Three Areas

A. Physical Development/Maturation:
B. Cognitive Development:
- Jean Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
- Concepts like Egocentrism, Theory of Mind, Autism (ASD)
- Lev Vygotsky's Mind in Social Context
C. Social Development:

Infancy and Childhood

Infancy: Newborns to toddlers
Childhood: Toddlers to teenagers
Four domains examined: Brain Development, Motor Development, Cognitive Development, Social/Emotional Development

Maturation

Refers to growth driven by biology, primarily time-based
Developmental psychology: biologically-driven growth and development leads to orderly change in behavior
Experience/nurture can adjust timing, but maturation sets the sequence for infancy and early childhood affecting brain and motor skills

Brain Cell Formation

During gestation, brain cells form at an explosive rate
Options for brain cell formation speed: 2-3 per minute, 60 per minute (1 per second), 600 per minute (10 per second), 250,000 per minute (over 4000 per second)

Brain Development Diagrams

Drawings of human cerebral cortex sections illustrate brain development from newborn stage to 3 months and 15 months old

Review Slide: Experience on Brain Development

Shows comparisons of rat brain cell development in enriched vs. impoverished environments

Physical Development: Brain & Motor Development

Impacted by the maturation of the nervous system and muscles
The sequence of development is universal; timing may vary
Mostly genetically guided, environment has minimal influence

4 Milestones of Motor Development

Maturation affecting the body and cerebellum dictates the sequence of development. Physical practice cannot change this timing.
Milestones include supported sitting (6 months), crawling (8-9 months), beginning to walk (12 months), Walking independently (15 months)

Physical Development: Brain Maturation and Infant Memory

Infants have capability in learning and remembering
Infantile amnesia affects conscious memory, not unconscious memory
Infants at work experiment on mobile; can retain learning for a month

Brain Development: Early Unconscious Memory

Childhood languages or memories may not be lost
Traces of early experiences exist and can be recalled later (e.g., relearning a language)

How About Your Earliest Conscious Memory

There is no validated or verified conscious memory of birth or pre-birth experiences; memories are believed to be fictional

Cognitive Development: Piaget's Stages

Four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

Schemas Concept

Infant interpretation and organization of experiences via mental images, models, etc
Schema example is a child identifying cows by shape and size.

Schema: Assimilation and Accommodation

The girl in this example could either assimilate the cat into existing "dog" schema or accommodate by creating a separate schema for the cat

Baby's First Solid Food on a Spoon

Attempt to assimilate spoon as a nipple by mimicking suction behavior
Accommodation occurs through practice. Lip and tongue movements adjusted to process the food.

Schemas Conceptual Frameworks

Schemas are people's frameworks of understanding experiences and thinking

Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Children do not think the same manner as adults
Piaget discovered errors in children's cognition
Children think differently than adults; thinking is based on relative size, scale, experimentation

Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget's Theory

Cognitive development consists of four stages (Sensorimotor stage: birth to nearly 2 years)
- Infants understand the world through sensory impressions and motor activities
- Infants lack object permanence (awareness of things continuing even if not seen); this is developed around 8 months old

Cognitive Development and Object Permanence

Children learn object permanence through games like peekaboo, understanding that objects still exist even when not visible.

Can Children Think Abstractly?

Infants seem to have understanding of physics, such as defying gravity, and manipulating objects.
Concept of 'Baby math': infants seem to respond to numerical relationships and recognize errors in relationships.

Preoperational Stage (2–6 years)

Stage where children cannot grasp conservation, meaning that qualities remain the same, even when presented differently
Examples: conservation of liquid, conservation of numbers (mice example) Egocentrism ("I am the world")

Theory of Mind

Ability to read or infer mental states of others
Developed between 3½ and 4½ years of age
Children understand others might hold false beliefs by around 4-5 years old.

Measuring Attachment: The Strange Situation

The Strange Situation: method by Mary Ainsworth
Observing the child's reactions to the mother's presence, absence, return to understand their attachment style
Observation of a child’s reactions in the Strange Situation episode

Attachment Styles of Dealing with Separation Reactions

Secure attachment style: children show distress when the mother leaves and seek comfort from her when she returns
Insecure attachment (anxious style): children cling to their mother; explore less, and become upset when the mother leaves and remains upset when she returns.
Insecure attachment (avoidant style): children are seemingly indifferent to mother's departure and return.

Fathers and Parenting

Many studies of parenting impact focus only on mothers, not fathers
Correlations show fathers' involvement relates to children's academics

Basic trust: predictability and trustworthiness established from appropriate experiences with caregivers.
Secure attachment style: infants develop basic trust from responsive caregivers.
Insecure-anxious attachment: people crave acceptance but stay wary of rejection.
Insecure-avoidant attachment: people feel discomfort getting close to others.

Deprivation of Attachment

Children raised in orphanages without appropriate nurturing and caretaking may demonstrate resilience, but some could develop issues
Experiencing prolonged neglect or abuse can result in difficulty with attachments, increased anxiety/depression, lowered intelligence, increased aggression

Childhood- Hypothetical Parenting Styles

Parenting styles include authoritarian ("too hard"), permissive ("too soft"), and authoritative ("Just so")
Authoritative style most desired; associated with high self-reliance, high social competence, high self-esteem, and low aggression.

Cultural and Child Raising Practices

Child-rearing practices vary across cultures and time periods.
Diverse child-rearing systems indicate that no particular culture has the sole method for raising children effectively.

Childhood Self-Concept

Major task in infancy is establishing healthy attachments.
Major task in childhood is forming a positive self-concept (understanding of identity)
By 8-10 years old, children transition from recognizing themselves in front of mirrors to developing skills, preferences, and goals, preparing them for confidence

Understanding Self-Awareness

Self-awareness is defined as one's understanding and awareness of oneself
The correct answer regarding self-awareness is "self-concept"

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology, including maturation, cognitive stages, and influential theories. This quiz covers various aspects of infancy and childhood development, focusing on figures like Piaget and Vygotsky. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these critical psychological concepts!