Developmental Psychology

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?

How environmental events impact human development

The influence of genetics alone on behavior

The role of peer relationships in adolescence

The ways humans develop and change throughout their lifespan (correct)

Which statement best describes the concept of 'nurture' in the nature-nurture debate?

Maturation occurs independently of environment

Human behavior is exclusively influenced by genetic inheritance

Environmental factors shape human development (correct)

Innate skills and abilities are predetermined at birth

What does 'gene-environment correlation' refer to?

The idea that genes determine behavior without any environmental influence

The process by which genes and environment independently affect development

Genes influencing the environments individuals choose (correct)

The way environment modifies genetic expression

Which of the following best illustrates a critical period?

Language skills developing best before puberty Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'sensitive periods' in human development?

Phases of development that are crucial yet not decisive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emphasizes the idea that humans start as a clean slate?

Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'maturation' play in development?

It indicates biologically-based changes that follow an orderly sequence Signup and view all the answers

Why are critical periods significant in human development?

Experiences during these times are essential for proper development Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why infants lose some neural connections as they grow?

Neural connections are pruned if not used or activated. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that development occurs in discrete stages?

Stage theory Signup and view all the answers

During which period does most major organ development take place in the embryo?

Embryonic period Signup and view all the answers

What are teratogens?

Environmental agents that can cause fetal harm. Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex helps ensure infants receive nourishment?

Rooting reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect associated with early puberty in males?

Increased positive social outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What memory system is the slowest to develop in infants?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does menopause typically begin in women?

40s to 50s Signup and view all the answers

What type of development is most noticeable during childhood according to stage-like theorists?

Cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What is presbycusis?

Loss of the ability to hear high-frequency sounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of continuous theorists in developmental psychology?

They see development as gradual and steady. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is primarily formed after the maturation of the hippocampus?

Explicit memory Signup and view all the answers

Maternal stress during pregnancy has been associated with which developmental disorder?

ADHD Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

Physical deformities and a range of mental challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of equilibration in cognitive development?

To balance assimilation and accommodation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Piaget's theory is characterized by the development of symbolic thought?

Preoperational stage Signup and view all the answers

What does centration refer to in the context of cognitive development?

Centering on one striking feature of an object Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to understand conservation according to Piaget?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Piaget face regarding his views on children's cognitive abilities?

He did not consider the role of culture and environment. Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD) emphasizes the importance of what?

Collaboration with skilled partners Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of automatic processing refer to in cognitive development?

Efficient mental processes with less attention required Signup and view all the answers

How does metacognition relate to cognitive development?

It assesses and regulates individual thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element in forming attachment relationships according to attachment theory?

Perceived security from caregivers Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's theory emphasizes which aspect of attachment?

Attachment behavior is prewired in humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the formal operational stage is correct?

It allows for abstract and hypothetical thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What does the transactional model of child development emphasize?

The interaction between children and caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

What are cognitive strategies in child development?

Gradually evolving problem-solving techniques. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implications of processing speed in children's cognitive development?

Faster processing allows for improved problem-solving capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key environmental variable influencing the security of attachment in infants?

Mother's sensitivity to her baby's signals Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by individuals who often find it difficult to speak coherently about their attachment figures?

Unresolved Signup and view all the answers

What trait do toddlers who are rough and easily distracted tend to carry into their teenage years?

Prone to mood swings Signup and view all the answers

What parenting style is linked to children having low independence and susceptibility to stress?

Authoritarian parenting Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style involves parents encouraging give-and-take with their children?

Authoritative parenting Signup and view all the answers

Developments in which type of attachment can predict later difficulties in childhood and adolescence?

Disrupted attachment Signup and view all the answers

What key factor influences socialization throughout a person's life?

Broader social and economic context Signup and view all the answers

Children from which parenting style are more likely to struggle with substance abuse in adolescence?

Permissive parenting Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a parent's negative attitude towards their infant have on the child later in life?

Behavioural problems at age five Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of uninvolved parenting?

Prioritizing personal needs over child's needs Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment type appears to show preoccupation with their parents?

Ambivalent Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of higher use of physical discipline across cultures?

More aggression and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What does socialization predominantly teach individuals?

The rules and beliefs of their society Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome for children who are raised in authoritative households?

Higher self-control and sociability Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of sex typing in children?

Children acquire traits deemed appropriate for their gender through learning. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to understand gender constancy?

By age 6. Signup and view all the answers

Which moral reasoning stage involves understanding rules can change based on mutual agreement?

Morality of cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive-developmental theories in moral development?

Moral reasoning and its progression through stages. Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what aspect is particularly emphasized?

Cultural influences on development are important. Signup and view all the answers

How does theory of mind contribute to a child's development?

It helps in understanding others' mental states and perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the organized view children develop about themselves as they grow older?

Self-concept. Signup and view all the answers

When do children typically start to categorize themselves based on age and gender?

During the toddler years. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the development of self-esteem during adolescence?

Peer comparisons and social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of attachment behavior in human infants?

To serve as a safe base for exploration Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the initial preference for social stimuli, like faces, typically emerge in infants?

3 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the term 'prosocial behavior'?

Helping a classmate with their homework. Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of separation anxiety in infants?

At six to seven months Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

It focuses too heavily on verbal intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive social theory's approach to understanding moral behavior?

It emphasizes modeling and conditioning over reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a mixture of anger and the desire for closeness?

Anxious-ambivalent attachment style Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style may indicate behaviors where a child appears dazed or disoriented?

Disorganized attachment style Signup and view all the answers

What does gender stability refer to in children's understanding of gender?

Children's understanding that gender remains constant over time. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is crucial in determining an infant's attachment security?

Maternal sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

At what point do children typically start to exhibit moral reasoning based on social contracts?

At the postconventional stage. Signup and view all the answers

Children with which attachment style are likely to be viewed as impulsive and disruptive in early school years?

Disorganized attachment style Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of internal working models in attachment theory?

They represent expectations in close relationships. Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural factors influence attachment styles?

Some cultures promote independence while others promote interdependence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an avoidant attachment style?

Indifference when the mother leaves Signup and view all the answers

What type of temperament reflects a person's emotional reactivity and dispositions?

Temperament Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core hypothesis of attachment theory?

Caregiver rigidity Signup and view all the answers

What may indicate a child's future social satisfaction and peer acceptance?

Security of attachment in infancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes children who show little reaction upon their mother's return?

Avoidant attachment style Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage in Piaget's theory where children view morals as absolute?

Morality of constraint Signup and view all the answers

Which level of morality in Kohlberg's theory is characterized by following abstract, self-defined principles?

Postconventional morality Signup and view all the answers

What does 'perspective-taking' refer to in social cognition?

The ability to comprehend the viewpoints of others Signup and view all the answers

What parenting style is described as imposing few controls and allowing children to make their own decisions?

Permissive Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial stage is characterized by a struggle between establishing identity and facing identity confusion?

Identity vs identity confusion Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development does a person primarily work on establishing committed relationships?

Intimacy vs isolation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'negative identity' mean in the context of social development?

Taking on a role society defines as bad for self-definition Signup and view all the answers

Which group of children is characterized as being ignored by their peers?

Neglected children Signup and view all the answers

What process involves modifying schemas to fit new experiences according to Piaget's theory?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ceremonies that help transition an individual from childhood to adulthood?

Initiation rites Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of 'socialisation' primarily concerned with?

Learning societal rules, values, and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of generativity in Erikson's psychosocial model?

Concern for the next generation Signup and view all the answers

What does 'separation anxiety' refer to in child development?

Distress experienced during separation from attachment figures Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Erikson's model is characterized by developing a sense of competence or feelings of inadequacy?

Industry vs inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What stage of cognitive development involves the understanding of conservation in children?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental task occurs from ages 1 to 2 years, focusing on independence?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt Signup and view all the answers

Which period of prenatal development is marked by the formation of major organs and systems?

Embryonic period Signup and view all the answers

What do negative identities refer to in Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Defining oneself through societal failures Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stagnation' refer to in Erikson's framework?

The feeling of unfulfillment and isolation Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive concept explains how children adapt their thinking when they encounter new information?

Schema construction Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do individuals primarily reflect on their lives to assess their satisfaction or regret?

Integrity vs despair Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human development does the term 'myelination' refer to?

The process of forming protective nerve sheaths Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for attachment according to Harlow's experiments?

Security Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is associated with high demands but low responsiveness?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self-concept is most developed by adolescence?

Internal psychological processes understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of moral development theories?

Balancing self and others' interests Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by child distress upon caregiver separation?

Ambivalent Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome associated with authoritative parenting?

Increased emotional adjustment Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the mental models of attachment relationships in infants?

Internal working models Signup and view all the answers

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by which of the following?

Applying self-defined abstract principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of early attachment patterns on later life?

They form the basis of adult attachment styles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines gender socialisation?

The cultural and learning influences on behaviors considered appropriate for genders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is most associated with empathy in promoting prosocial behavior?

Understanding others' feelings Signup and view all the answers

What defines the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Knowledge gained through sensory experiences and motor activities Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'teratogen' refer to in developmental psychology?

A harmful agent causing fetal abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Erikson's psychosocial stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Children begin to walk and identify their independence. Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment style is characterized by infants who display contradictory behaviors towards their caregiver?

Disorganized attachment style Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do adults experience generativity versus stagnation according to Erikson's theory?

Mid-adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the psychological understanding that an individual's gender remains consistent over time?

Gender constancy Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style emphasizes obedience and respect for authority without much explanation?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of initiative versus guilt in Erikson's stages primarily focus on?

Testing independence and pursuing goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of empathic distress in social interactions?

Understanding and sharing the feelings of another. Signup and view all the answers

What does identity confusion refer to in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Difficulty in establishing a coherent sense of self. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the conflict model of adolescence?

Normalcy of conflict and crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most associated with high life satisfaction in later life?

Fulfillment and engagement earlier in life. Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of gender stability convey about an individual's understanding of their gender?

Gender is fixed and does not change over time. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attachment theory, what does contact comfort refer to?

The physical closeness that promotes bonding. Signup and view all the answers

What stage involves older adults reflecting on their lives, resulting in either integrity or despair?

Integrity versus despair Signup and view all the answers

What does the developmental task concept describe?

Challenges applicable to specific life stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Ability to reason about abstract concepts Signup and view all the answers

What criticism of Piaget's theory indicates that he may have underestimated children's abilities?

He assumed consistency in cognitive abilities across different domains Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD), how can children enhance their understanding?

By collaborating with a skilled partner Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'centration' refer to in Piaget's theory?

The tendency to focus on one striking feature of an object Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'accommodation' in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Modifying schemas to fit new realities Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of automatization in cognitive tasks?

Executing mental processes with less attention required Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development involves the recognition of object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage Signup and view all the answers

How does dementia primarily affect cognitive abilities?

Causes global disturbances in higher mental functions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the concrete operational stage from other stages in Piaget’s theory?

Capability of mental manipulation of concrete objects Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'implicit memory'?

Memory expressed through behavior without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is described by the recognition that some properties of objects remain stable despite changes?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'egocentrism' in children primarily refer to?

The focus on one's own point of view without considering others Signup and view all the answers

Which research method compares different age groups at a single time point to identify differences?

Cross-sectional study Signup and view all the answers

What is 'representational flexibility' in the context of cognitive development?

Ability to adapt representations in line with changing contexts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

Focuses on human development and change across the lifespan, from conception to death.
Applies scientific methods to create and validate theories about development.

Nature and Nurture

Both genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors influence human development; their roles are interdependent.
Nature suggests innate skills and perceptions; maturation follows a biological timetable.
Nurture posits that individuals start as a "clean slate" (tabula rasa) shaped by their environment.
Gene-environment correlations imply that genes can influence the choice of environments.

Maturation

Biologically-based changes occur in a predictable sequence during development.
Critical experiences during sensitive periods are crucial for proper development, e.g., attachment in birds and language acquisition in humans.

Critical and Sensitive Periods

Critical periods are times when the nervous system is highly receptive to specific learning experiences.
Sensitive periods are less decisive but important for certain developmental outcomes, such as language acquisition.
Neuron pruning eliminates unused neural connections, crucial for efficient cognitive development.

Development Stages

Development occurs in stages, as suggested by stage theorists.
Continuous theories argue for gradual changes rather than distinct stages, emphasizing practice over sudden transformations.

Physical Development

Prenatal Development: Stages include germinal (0-2 weeks), embryonic (3-8 weeks), and fetal (9 weeks to birth) with teratogens posing the highest risk during early pregnancy.
Major physical changes occur rapidly, especially muscular and organ development, by the end of the fetal period.

Infancy

Infants are born with reflexes essential for survival (e.g., rooting and sucking reflexes).
Motor skills typically develop from head to toe.

Childhood and Adolescence

Puberty: Marks the transition to reproductive capability; impacts vary by gender.
Aging processes include gradual declines in physical abilities and the onset of menopause, typically around age 51.

Cognitive Development

Infants demonstrate early forms of memory (implicit and rudiments of explicit).
Piaget’s theory describes cognitive development in stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Children learn through equilibration, maintaining a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in cognitive development.
Introduces the zone of proximal development (ZPD), illustrating effective learning through cooperative engagement with skilled partners.

Attachment

Attachment is characterized by proximity, security, and stress upon separation.
Bowlby’s theory outlines a stages of attachment development from indiscriminate sociability to goal-coordinated partnerships.
Akin to imprinting, attachment behaviors evolve and serve evolutionary functions for safety and exploration.

Individual Differences in Attachment Patterns

Patterns include secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized attachment styles, influenced by early caregiving experiences.
Secure attachment correlates with positive development in later life, while insecure attachments can lead to issues such as behavioral problems.

Implications and Long-term Importance of Attachment

Early attachment influences children's emotional and social well-being, shaping expectations of relationships.
Maternal sensitivity during infancy is crucial for fostering secure attachments, impacting a child’s temperament and later social functioning.### Attachment and Development
Infants with unresponsive mothers tend to form insecure attachment bonds, displaying higher levels of anger, fear, and avoidance.
Fatherly sensitivity is crucial in shaping the father-child relationship, though its role in attachment remains debated.
Negative maternal attitudes at six months predict behavioral issues in children by age five.
Temperamental traits such as distractibility and moodiness in toddlers are often carried into adolescence; lack of self-control in early years relates to risk-taking behaviors later.
Both hereditary traits and environmental selection influence a child's temperament.

Patterns of Adult Attachment

Adult attachment reflects lifelong relationship dynamics and remains relatively stable, shaped by internal working models.
Four attachment styles:
- Secure: Open communication about family relationships.
- Ambivalent: Preoccupied with parental figures.
- Avoidant: Downplays attachment importance and offers generalizations about parents.
- Unresolved: Displays confusion about past attachment figures and sends mixed signals to own children.
Adult attachment patterns predict children's attachment styles with high accuracy.

Impact of Early Attachment

Early attachment disruptions can lead to difficulties in childhood and adolescence, including personality disturbances and adjustment issues.
There are significant cultural variations in what is considered a desirable temperament, affecting parenting styles and socialization practices.

Socialization Process

Socialization helps children learn their society's rules, beliefs, and behaviors.
Parenting quality significantly influences children's emotional and social development over time.
The approach parents take (authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved) shapes children's behavioral outcomes.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Emphasizes obedience, often leading to low self-esteem and vulnerability in children.
Permissive: Lacks controls, resulting in impulsivity and substance abuse issues.
Authoritative: Balances standards with respect for children's perspectives, fostering independence and competence.
Uninvolved: Prioritizes personal needs over children, leading to aggression and low self-esteem in offspring.
Higher paternal involvement correlates positively with children's self-esteem.

Gender Socialization

Differential treatment by gender starts early, prescribing behaviors considered appropriate for boys and girls.
Gender identity emerges around age two, stability is understood in early childhood, and constancy develops later.
Gender schemas organize cultural definitions and traits associated with each sex.

Social cognition begins with recognizing oneself as distinct and evolves through childhood into a complex self-concept by adolescence.
Infants recognize reciprocal social interactions; by three months, they associate behaviors—smiling elicits playful responses, while crying leads to comfort.
Understanding others progresses from simple attributes to perspective-taking and theory of mind, which encompasses recognizing beliefs and feelings in oneself and others.

Moral Development Theories

Cognitive-developmental theories focus on moral reasoning, notably Piaget's stages of morality:
- Morality of constraint (absolute morals before age 9).
- Morality of cooperation (morals change based on consensus).
- Kohlberg's levels: Preconventional (avoidance of punishment), Conventional (conformity to social rules), Postconventional (abstract principles).
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory include cultural and gender biases, low correlation with moral behavior, and confounding with intelligence.

Life Span Development and Erikson’s Theory

Erikson's stages encompass psychosocial challenges, integrating biology and culture.
Identity formation is crucial, influenced by developmental tasks across the lifespan.
Stages include trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood), initiative vs. guilt (preschool), industry vs. inferiority (school-age), identity vs. confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood), generativity vs. stagnation (mid-adulthood), and integrity vs. despair (old age).

Cognitive Development

Cognitive development theory suggests children build knowledge through experience via assimilation and accommodation.
Piaget outlines four stages: sensorimotor (perception and action), preoperational (symbolic thought), concrete operational (reversible operations), and formal operational (abstract reasoning).
Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction and cooperative learning in cognitive development, introducing the zone of proximal development (ZPD) to denote effective learning environments.

Key Concepts

Recognize the impact of prenatal factors and teratogens on development.
Developmental psychology analyzes nature vs. nurture, early experiences, and stage-based vs. continuous growth.
Cognitive and physical development are intertwined, with individual differences emerging as children grow.### Cognitive Development Theories
Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7-12; children mentally manipulate concrete objects and understand reversibility.
Formal Operational Stage: Begins at age 12-15; ability to think abstractly and handle complex ideas beyond concrete objects.
Preoperational Stage: Ages 2-7; characterized by symbolic thought but limited in logical reasoning.

Memory and Learning

Explicit Memory: Conscious recollection of facts and events.
Implicit Memory: Unconscious memory expressed through behavior.
Metacognition: Awareness of one's own cognitive processes, including how to remember or learn.
Schema: Organized patterns of knowledge that help in learning new information.

Psychological Development Stages

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle Childhood)
- Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
- Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age)

Attachment Styles:
- Secure attachment: comfort with closeness.
- Avoidant attachment: indifferent upon reunion.
- Ambivalent attachment: seeking closeness while showing distress.
- Disorganized attachment: contradictory behavior towards attachment figures.
Separation Anxiety: Common distress during separation from caregivers, peaking in the second year of life.
Socialisation: Lifelong process involving the learning of societal norms, values, and behaviors, heavily influenced by parenting styles such as authoritative or authoritarian.

Gender Development

Gender Schemas: Mental frameworks linking psychological traits with gender, influenced by culture and personal experiences.
Gender Identity: Internal sense of one's gender, which can vary, including non-binary or agender identities.
Gender Constancy: Understanding that gender remains fixed despite changes in appearance or behavior.

Moral Development

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning:
- Preconventional Morality: Following rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards.
- Conventional Morality: Defining right and wrong based on societal standards.
- Postconventional Morality: Adhering to self-defined, abstract principles.
Empathy: A crucial factor in motivating prosocial behavior through understanding others' experiences.

Research Methods in Developmental Psychology

Cross-Sectional Studies: Comparing different-aged groups at one point in time to detect differences.
Longitudinal Studies: Following the same individuals over time to observe changes and developments.
Sequential Studies: Studying multiple cohorts over time to understand developmental trends.

Other Notable Concepts

Critical Period: A phase of heightened sensitivity to certain types of learning that shape future development.
Teratogens: Harmful agents causing fetal abnormalities due to maternal exposure during pregnancy.
Working Memory: Short-term memory space for retrieving and manipulating information.
Theory of Mind: Understanding that others have their own beliefs and feelings, essential for social cognition.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, such as the nature-nurture debate, gene-environment correlation, and critical and sensitive periods in human development. Test your understanding of how these concepts contribute to our knowledge of human growth and learning.