Developmental Psychology Overview

<p>Environmental enrichment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance that can harm a developing fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical and cognitive changes after birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth defects affecting limb development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How prenatal experiences affect brain development and later behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributing successes to internal traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overestimating the role of personality in others' actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The task being ambiguous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conforming because one believes the group is correct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A desire for consensus that leads to poor decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased individual responsibility as group size increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dispositional Attribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved mental well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notice the event (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>65% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious biases that affect decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In-group Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surprise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are crucial for emotional recognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good things happen to good people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Problem-Focused Coping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shorten with stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotion-Focused Coping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive appraisal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It improves cardiovascular health and reduces stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates the fight or flight response through the sympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Low Road (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucose and lung capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to neuron loss affecting memory and learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural disasters and wars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bullying and poverty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood pressure and immune system suppression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illnesses triggered by psychological stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child shows distress and is difficult to console upon caregiver's return. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more intuitive and emotional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morality is based on reward and punishment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both nature and nurture interact to shape development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How does group membership affect behavior? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflection on personal beliefs and desires. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may represent curated versions of our identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of changes and continuities in human behavior over time, including social, emotional, cognitive, personality development, and susceptibility to mental illness.

Development that occurs from conception to birth, encompassing zygote, embryo, and fetus stages.

A substance that can harm a developing fetus.

A drug that caused birth defects during pregnancy

The fertilized egg formed by the fusion of sperm and egg. The initial stage of prenatal development.

The developing stage of the embryo, from 2-8 weeks of pregnancy.

The developing stage of the fetus, from 9 weeks to birth, marked by organ development.

Factors related to the mother's health and habits that influence prenatal development (e.g., nutrients, chemicals, drugs, stress).

A style of attachment where a child is distressed and difficult to comfort when the caregiver leaves, but also shows mixed reactions upon their return.

A style of attachment in which a child shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids them upon return.

A theory that suggests moral development progresses through stages from focusing on rewards/punishments to abstract principles.

A theory of moral judgment that emphasizes emotions and intuition rather than reasoning, criticizing Kohlberg's focus on reasoning.

The debate about how much of development is due to inborn traits (nature) and how much is due to experiences (nurture).

The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence (actual, imagined, or implied) of others.

The conscious or unconscious act of managing how others perceive us, often to create a desired image.

Infants, potentially, are born with an innate awareness of right and wrong, preferring 'nice' behaviors over 'mean' ones.

Attributing successes to internal factors (e.g., ability) and failures to external factors (e.g., luck).

Overestimating internal factors (personality) and underestimating external factors when explaining others' actions.

Attributing your own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.

Adjusting your behavior or beliefs to match those of a group.

Conforming because you believe the group is right.

Conforming to avoid social disapproval.

Poor decision-making due to a desire for group harmony, suppressing dissenting opinions.

The likelihood of helping decreases as the size of the group increases.

Chronic stress leads to shorter telomeres, which protect chromosomes. Shortened telomeres are linked to faster aging and decreased cell division.

Chronic stress is linked to lower dopamine levels and depression. This can lead to difficulty experiencing pleasure.

Actively dealing with the source of stress to reduce it. For example, resolving a conflict.

Managing the emotional distress caused by stress through relaxation, support, or rethinking the situation.

Close relationships and social support can reduce stress and improve health. It can even help repair telomeres.

The amygdala is the brain region responsible for processing fear. It triggers the body's fight-or-flight response, leading to physiological changes like increased heart rate, sweating, and adrenaline release.

There are two pathways for fear processing: the fast, unconscious 'low road' directly from sensory input to the amygdala, and the slower, conscious 'high road' involving processing through the sensory cortex before reaching the amygdala.

Patient S.M. has a damaged amygdala, preventing her from experiencing fear even in stressful situations. This shows the crucial role of the amygdala in fear processing.

Catastrophic events like natural disasters or wars are major stressors. They can cause short-term effects like increased heart attacks and long-term effects like depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

Chronic daily difficulties, like bullying or poverty, are ongoing stressors that contribute to stress.

The stress response involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to physiological changes like increased heart rate, glucose levels, and lung capacity, preparing the body for quick action.

Cortisol, a stress hormone released during the stress response, can have harmful effects if chronically elevated, contributing to high blood pressure, ulcers, and immune system suppression.

Chronic stress can lead to neuron loss in the hippocampus, impairing memory and learning. Individuals with chronic stress, especially those with lower social status, may experience hippocampal damage.

A model describing the steps people take when deciding to help someone in need: noticing the event, interpreting it as an emergency, assuming responsibility, knowing how to assist, and taking action.

A study demonstrating how readily people obey authority figures, even when instructed to harm others.

The conflict between acting independently and taking personal responsibility (autonomy) and following orders and surrendering responsibility to authority (agency).

Prejudice involves biased beliefs about a group, while discrimination involves biased actions towards members of a group.

Unconscious biases that influence behavior, despite conscious rejection of prejudice. It can be measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT).

Theory suggesting that reducing prejudice requires promoting equal status, shared goals, and cooperation between groups.

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people, often inaccurate and based on limited information.

Favoring your own group over others, even when there's no objective reason to do so.