Developmental Psychology Lecture 4: Early Childhood
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Questions and Answers

At what age do children start to recognize that actions are based on subjective reality?

  • 6 years old
  • 3 years old
  • 4 years old (correct)
  • 5 years old

    • What ability develops around age 6 regarding knowledge inference?

  • Deriving knowledge from inference (correct)
  • Recognizing different names
  • Pretend play with peers
  • Understanding reciprocal feelings

    • What is the False Belief Principle primarily concerned with?

  • Understanding emotions of others
  • Recognizing others' beliefs that are inaccurate (correct)
  • The concept of shared pretend play
  • Seeing problems from one's own perspective

    • Which activity is NOT directly related to the development of theory of mind?

    <p>Learning to count in sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive skill is related to the understanding of reciprocity in relationships by ages 5 to 7?

    <p>Understanding that if you are nice to someone, they will be nice to you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lateralization in the context of brain development?

    <p>The specialization of the left and right halves of the brain for different functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is crucial for transferring information to long-term memory?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to be right-handed?

    <p>83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does myelinization play in brain development?

    <p>It provides protective insulation to nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common eating pattern among preschoolers?

    <p>Eating less than when they were babies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to engage in pretend play, which involves activities like drinking from toy cups?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to lead to increased illness in children?

    <p>High levels of family stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges related to preschoolers' eating behaviors?

    <p>Emergence of food aversions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive feature describes a child's tendency to focus on one variable at a time during Piaget's Preoperational stage?

    <p>Centration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of play, typically emerging around the age of 4, involves role-playing scenarios like doctor and patient?

    <p>Sociodramatic Play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as a common characteristic of accidents among children in the U.S.?

    <p>Approximately 25% of children experience accidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability develops in children around ages 4 to 5 according to Flavell’s perspective-taking ability levels?

    <p>Developing complex rules for perspective-taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a child's view about inanimate objects being alive, as seen in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children generally start to participate in rule-governed play, which involves structured games with rules?

    <p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a child’s difficulty in understanding that others may have different perspectives, as demonstrated in the Three-Mountain task?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encapsulates the understanding of thoughts, desires, and beliefs of others in child development?

    <p>Theory of Mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory in cognitive development?

    <p>The influence of social factors in cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metamemory refer to in Information Processing Theories?

    <p>Knowledge about and control of memory processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does working memory improve according to Neo-Piagetian Theories?

    <p>With improved practice and brain maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive structure becomes particularly relevant during middle childhood for managing tasks with sequential steps?

    <p>Scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage involves the use of language as a guide to solve problems but does not include internalization until around age 6-7?

    <p>Private Speech Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fast-mapping in the context of language development?

    <p>Rapid formation of hypotheses about new word meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the 'grammar explosion' phase in child language development?

    <p>The emergence of complex sentences and grammatical features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best encapsulates the concept of 'Zone of Proximal Development' (ZPD)?

    <p>The gap between what a child can achieve alone and with guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily develops phonological awareness in children?

    <p>Word play activities like nursery rhymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) calculated according to the formula provided?

    <p>Mental age / chronological age x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher IQ generally indicate according to the information provided?

    <p>Increased resilience and self-confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales is used to assess short-term memory capacity?

    <p>Working memory scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation exists between IQ scores and future academic performance?

    <p>Approximately 0.50 to 0.60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of tasks is assessed by performance scales in measuring intelligence?

    <p>Non-verbal tasks like puzzles and visual arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by an IQ score greater than 130?

    <p>Giftedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about IQ scores?

    <p>IQ scores reflect a person's overall intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of variation in IQ is estimated to be due to heredity?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the higher IQ scores in children raised in upper-class environments compared to those raised in lower-class environments?

    <p>Environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction range for IQ, as established by one's genes?

    <p>20-25 points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about identical twins is true based on heredity influences on IQ?

    <p>They are more alike in IQ than fraternal twins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family influences contribute to children's IQ development?

    <p>Age-appropriate play materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Capron & Duyme (1989) study, how much higher was the average IQ of children from upper-class families compared to those from lower-class families?

    <p>15-16 points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one long-term benefit of beginning formal education programs in infancy?

    <p>Elevated IQ scores are maintained into adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding is suggested by adoption studies regarding the IQ of adopted children?

    <p>Adopted children’s IQs align more closely with their birth parents' IQs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Developmental Psychology - Lecture 4: Early Childhood

    • Lecture covers early childhood development (ages 2 to 6).
    • Topics include physical and cognitive development, language and intelligence, social and personality development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, self-concept and gender, and family and peer relationships.

    Physical Changes

    • Growth and motor development in early childhood:
      • Height and weight changes are slower than in infancy.
      • Major locomotor skills show significant gains.
      • Manipulative skills improve, but less so than major motor skills.
    • Children's drawing:
      • Early training can accelerate school-related fine-motor skills.
      • Older children benefit more from training than younger ones.
      • Learning to write aids in letter understanding. (Stages of children's drawing are included)
    • Milestones of Motor Development (ages 18-24 months, 2-3 years, 3-4 years, 4-5 years, 5-6 years):
      • Specific gross and fine motor skills are detailed.

    The Brain and Nervous System

    • Lateralization:
      • Left and right halves of the brain's cerebral cortex are specialized for different functions.
      • Contributes to important neurological milestones in early childhood.
      • Basic outline of lateralization is genetically determined.
      • Genes dictate functions and individual experience impacts the pace of lateralization.
    • Myelinization:
      • Protective, fatty material wraps around nerve cells.
      • Important for the peripheral and central nervous system.
      • Reticular formation is important for attention and concentration
      • Hippocampus is crucial for transferring information to long-term memory
    • Handedness:
      • Right-handedness is the most common (83%).
      • Left-handedness is present in 14% of people.
      • Ambidextrous people make up 3% of the population
      • Appears early in life
      • Research suggests genetic link

    Health and Wellness

    • Eating patterns in preschoolers:
      • Eat less frequently than babies.
      • May not consume the majority of daily calories at mealtime.
      • Food aversions may begin, potentially causing family conflicts.
    • Illness:
      • Children experience about 4-6 bouts of brief sickness per year.
      • High levels of family stress are linked to increased sickness.
    • Accidents:
      • 25% of U.S. children under 5 have an accident requiring medical attention annually, most occurring at home.
      • Major cause of death in preschoolers.
      • More common among boys.

    Cognitive Changes

    • Piaget's Preoperational Stage: overview
      • Semiotic (or symbolic) functioning, sign language, pretend play, are highlighted
      • Increased proficiency in thinking and communication is present, but logical thinking is developing.
    • Children's Play and Cognitive Development
      • First pretend play (approximately 12 months).
      • Constructive Play (around 2 years)
      • Substitute pretend play (2-3 years).
      • Sociodramatic Play (around 4 years).
      • Rule-governed play (around 5-6 years).
    • Piaget's Preoperational Stage: centration
      • Centration: tendency to focus on one variable at a time.
      • Animism: belief that inanimate objects are alive.
      • Egocentrism: tendency to view things only from one's own perspective.
      • Guided by object appearance.
    • Piaget's Preoperational Stage: conservation
      • Conservation: understanding that appearance changes don't alter quantity.
      • Unsuccessful conservation involves centration and irreversibility
      • Successful conservation involves understanding identity, compensation, and reversibility
    • Challenges to Piaget's view: Flavell's perspective-taking ability levels
      • Level 1: Recognizes others experience things differently.
      • Level 2: Develops complex rules to understand viewpoints.

    Theories of Mind

    • Theory of Mind: understanding others' thoughts, desires, and beliefs.
      • Rudimentary beginnings at 18 months.
      • Improved understanding of complex thinking emerges by 3 years old.
      • Recognizing subjective reality occurs by 4 years old.
      • Difficulty understanding that others have varying thoughts emerges by 4-5 years.
      • Improved comprehension and understanding by 5-7 years.
    • False Belief Principle
      • Children interpret their perspective and discerning the reasons for how others form beliefs.
    • Influences on Development of a Theory of Mind:
      • Piaget's tasks (e.g., the False-belief task).
      • Pretend play.
      • Shared pretense with children.
      • Interactions and discussion of emotions with adults.
      • Language, memory, and working memory skills.

    Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking

    • Neo-Piagetian Theories: short-term storage space (STSS).
      • Operational efficiency, limited number of schemes, improvements via practice, and brain maturation.
      • Matrix classification task.
    • Information Processing Theories:
      • Metamemory (knowledge about and control of memory processes).
      • Metacognition (knowledge about and control of thought processes).
      • Scripts (cognitive structures underlying behavior).
    • Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory:
      • Emphasis on social factors in cognitive development.
      • Problem solutions socially generated.
      • Key concepts: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), scaffolding.

    Changes in Langauge

    • Fast-mapping: Categorically link new words to real-world referents (around age 3).
    • Grammar Explosion: Period when child grammar becomes more adultlike
      • Inflections and additions that alter meanings
      • Questions and negations (applying rules).
      • Overregularizations (using rules incorrectly).
      • Complex sentences (using conjunctions)
    • Phonological Awareness:
      • Child sensitivity to sound patterns.
      • Awareness of sounds represented by letters.
      • Formal instruction and word play (e.g., nursery rhymes).
      • Related to invented spelling.

    Measuring Intelligence

    • Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC)
      • Verbal scales: Vocabulary, similarities.
      • Performance scales: Picture arrangement, block design.
      • Working memory scales: Short-term memory capacity.
      • Processing speed scales: Efficiency of information processing.
      • Example subtests included (Picture completion, coding, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly.)
    • IQ scores: mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ.

    Differences in Intelligence

    • Stability and predictive value of IQ Scores: Correlation with grades (0.50-0.60).
    • Consistency found within social classes and racial groups.
    • IQ scores are stable.
    • Underlying competency is not directly measured by IQ Scores.
    • Higher IQ associated with resilience and ability to overcome obstacles

    Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence

    • Evidence of heredity / nature:
      • Twin and adoption studies suggest strong hereditary influences on IQ.
    • Evidence of family influences / nurture:
      • Environmental influence on IQ (adoption studies).
      • Genetic effects / heritability impacts child's IQ irrespective of parenting style.
    • Combining the information: Heredity and family environment effects combined (roughly 40% due to heredity, remaining attributed to environment or interplay between the two).
    • Reaction ranges of IQ.
    • Evidence for Preschool Influences.
    • Ramey's study (1987).
    • Flynn Effect (IQ scores increasing).

    References

    • Information on the references used in the study.

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    Description

    This lecture explores early childhood development, focusing on key aspects from ages 2 to 6, including physical and cognitive growth, language acquisition, and social interactions. Learn about Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and the role of family and peers in shaping self-concept and gender identity.

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