Questions and Answers
What happens during the Initiative Versus Guilt stage according to Erikson?
What does self-understanding in children involve?
Children's self-descriptions involve body attributes, material possessions, and physical activities, as well as understanding the emotions and desires of others.
What is emotional development in early childhood primarily about?
Emotion-coaching parents ignore their child's emotions.
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What does moral behavior hinge on?
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Define gender identity.
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The Oedipus or Electra complex involves a child developing a sexual attraction to the ______ parent.
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What is social role theory primarily concerned with?
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Mother's influence on daughters is generally characterized by promoting obedience.
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What does gender typing refer to?
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Study Notes
Initiative Versus Guilt (Erikson)
- Children develop independence by making choices.
- Disapproval from parents can lead to guilt, affecting further independence.
Self-Understanding and Understanding Others
- Self-conceptions include attributes like body, possessions, and activities.
- Children aged 4-5 recognize emotions and desires of others and understand dishonesty.
Emotional Development
- Expressing emotions is crucial during early childhood.
- Understanding triggers and coping strategies for emotions leads to healthier interactions.
- Children who regulate emotions tend to have better peer relationships.
Emotion-Coaching
- Parents act as monitors of child emotions, using them as teaching moments.
- This approach helps children self-soothe and manage negative emotions effectively.
Emotion-Dismissing
- Parents who ignore or change negative emotions instead of acknowledging them.
Moral Feelings
- Psychoanalytic theory highlights feelings of anxiety and guilt in moral development.
- Children align with parents to mitigate anxiety and avoid punishment.
Superego
- Represents the moral component of personality in psychological development.
Heteronomous Morality
- Ages 4-7, children view rules as fixed and unchangeable without intent consideration.
- Belief in immediate justice is prevalent.
Transitional Phase
- Ages 7-10, children exhibit traits of both heteronomous and autonomous morality.
Autonomous Morality
- Starting around age 10, children understand that rules are human-made, requiring consideration of intent and consequences.
Moral Behavior
- Reinforcement, punishment, and imitation are key in developing moral behavior.
- Self-control relates to resisting temptation and delaying gratification.
- Conscience develops as internal regulation of right and wrong.
Gender Identity
- Recognized as the understanding of being male or female by ages 2-3.
Gender Constancy
- Achieved around age 4, indicating awareness that gender is stable despite changes in appearance.
Gender Roles
- Defined expectations guide how males and females should think, act, and feel.
Gender Typing
- The process through which individuals adopt traditional masculine or feminine roles.
Biological Influences
- Chromosomes and hormones notably impact socio-emotional development.
- Higher fetal testosterone levels link to typical male play in both genders.
- Evolutionary theory suggests psychological traits differ between sexes due to adaptive roles in human history.
Social Role Theory
- Gender differences arise from the differing societal roles of women and men.
- Women typically have less power, fostering cooperative behaviors compared to males.
Oedipus or Electra Complex (Psychoanalytic Theory)
- Preschoolers develop sexual attraction towards the opposite-sex parent.
Social Cognitive Theory
- Gender development is learnt through observation and imitation.
- Children receive reinforcement for gender-conforming behaviors.
Mother's Influence
- Mothers engage in more communication with daughters early on.
- They promote traits of obedience and responsibility in daughters compared to sons.
- Fathers are more tolerant of "inappropriate" behavior in daughters but restrict autonomy.
Father's Influence
- Specific influences from fathers have been noted but not detailed here.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts of socioemotional development during early childhood, including Erikson's stages and the evolution of self-understanding in children. It is designed to help you reinforce your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental topics in child development.
