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Questions and Answers
What happens during the Initiative Versus Guilt stage according to Erikson?
What happens during the Initiative Versus Guilt stage according to Erikson?
What does self-understanding in children involve?
What does self-understanding in children involve?
Children's self-descriptions involve body attributes, material possessions, and physical activities, as well as understanding the emotions and desires of others.
What is emotional development in early childhood primarily about?
What is emotional development in early childhood primarily about?
Emotion-coaching parents ignore their child's emotions.
Emotion-coaching parents ignore their child's emotions.
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What does moral behavior hinge on?
What does moral behavior hinge on?
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Define gender identity.
Define gender identity.
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The Oedipus or Electra complex involves a child developing a sexual attraction to the ______ parent.
The Oedipus or Electra complex involves a child developing a sexual attraction to the ______ parent.
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What is social role theory primarily concerned with?
What is social role theory primarily concerned with?
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Mother's influence on daughters is generally characterized by promoting obedience.
Mother's influence on daughters is generally characterized by promoting obedience.
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What does gender typing refer to?
What does gender typing refer to?
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Study Notes
Initiative Versus Guilt (Erikson)
- Children develop independence by making choices.
- Disapproval from parents can lead to guilt, affecting further independence.
Self-Understanding and Understanding Others
- Self-conceptions include attributes like body, possessions, and activities.
- Children aged 4-5 recognize emotions and desires of others and understand dishonesty.
Emotional Development
- Expressing emotions is crucial during early childhood.
- Understanding triggers and coping strategies for emotions leads to healthier interactions.
- Children who regulate emotions tend to have better peer relationships.
Emotion-Coaching
- Parents act as monitors of child emotions, using them as teaching moments.
- This approach helps children self-soothe and manage negative emotions effectively.
Emotion-Dismissing
- Parents who ignore or change negative emotions instead of acknowledging them.
Moral Feelings
- Psychoanalytic theory highlights feelings of anxiety and guilt in moral development.
- Children align with parents to mitigate anxiety and avoid punishment.
Superego
- Represents the moral component of personality in psychological development.
Heteronomous Morality
- Ages 4-7, children view rules as fixed and unchangeable without intent consideration.
- Belief in immediate justice is prevalent.
Transitional Phase
- Ages 7-10, children exhibit traits of both heteronomous and autonomous morality.
Autonomous Morality
- Starting around age 10, children understand that rules are human-made, requiring consideration of intent and consequences.
Moral Behavior
- Reinforcement, punishment, and imitation are key in developing moral behavior.
- Self-control relates to resisting temptation and delaying gratification.
- Conscience develops as internal regulation of right and wrong.
Gender Identity
- Recognized as the understanding of being male or female by ages 2-3.
Gender Constancy
- Achieved around age 4, indicating awareness that gender is stable despite changes in appearance.
Gender Roles
- Defined expectations guide how males and females should think, act, and feel.
Gender Typing
- The process through which individuals adopt traditional masculine or feminine roles.
Biological Influences
- Chromosomes and hormones notably impact socio-emotional development.
- Higher fetal testosterone levels link to typical male play in both genders.
- Evolutionary theory suggests psychological traits differ between sexes due to adaptive roles in human history.
Social Role Theory
- Gender differences arise from the differing societal roles of women and men.
- Women typically have less power, fostering cooperative behaviors compared to males.
Oedipus or Electra Complex (Psychoanalytic Theory)
- Preschoolers develop sexual attraction towards the opposite-sex parent.
Social Cognitive Theory
- Gender development is learnt through observation and imitation.
- Children receive reinforcement for gender-conforming behaviors.
Mother's Influence
- Mothers engage in more communication with daughters early on.
- They promote traits of obedience and responsibility in daughters compared to sons.
- Fathers are more tolerant of "inappropriate" behavior in daughters but restrict autonomy.
Father's Influence
- Specific influences from fathers have been noted but not detailed here.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts of socioemotional development during early childhood, including Erikson's stages and the evolution of self-understanding in children. It is designed to help you reinforce your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental topics in child development.
