Developmental Psychology: Kinesthesia and Puberty
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Questions and Answers

What is the interpretation of information regarding the relative position of the body parts to each other, the position of the body in space, and an awareness of the body's movements?

Kinesthetic perception

What is the ability to recognize objects by feeling their form, size, and weight while the eyes are closed?

Stereognosis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of play during middle childhood?

  • Limited interest in social play (correct)
  • Self-direction
  • Interest in sports activities
  • Gender segregation

    • What is the term for changes in the endocrine system that lead to the development of secondary sex characteristics and the maturation of the reproductive system?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end portion of a long bone, separated from the shaft by a section of cartilage?

    <p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of peak growth velocity for boys?

    <p>13.5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the average adolescent growth spurt last?

    <p>24 to 36 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adolescents in the US are classified as obese?

    <p>1 in 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vaillant's Six Adult Life Tasks, what is the primary developmental task of adolescence?

    <p>Identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Vaillant's Six Adult Life Tasks?

    <p>Retirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in Schaie and Willis' Stage Theory of Cognition?

    <p>Acquisitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage in Schaie and Willis' Stage Theory of Cognition, and what is its primary focus?

    <p>Reintegrative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive abilities is considered to peak around age 30?

    <p>Fluid intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive coping strategies involve addressing the stressor itself, while palliative coping strategies focus on self-care and relaxation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of career stages that typically occur in middle adulthood?

    <p>Consolidation and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary aging is inevitable and irreversible, while secondary aging is preventable and potentially reversible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common motor disability in childhood?

    <p>Cerebral Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically considered a birth defect?

    <p>Cerebral Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common chromosomal condition?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common birth defect?

    <p>Congenital heart defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neural tube defect?

    <p>Spina Bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of intellectual disabilities?

    <p>Limitations in adaptive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IQ range for individuals with mild intellectual disability?

    <p>50-70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum door width required for ADA compliance without a frame?

    <p>32 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum floor space required for a wheelchair turning radius?

    <p>5 feet by 5 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum required parking space width for ADA accessibility?

    <p>12 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prenatal development stages with their corresponding timeframes:

    <p>Germinal Stage = Conception to Week 2 Embryonic Stage = Weeks 3-8 Fetal Stage = Weeks 9-birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most susceptible period to teratogens during prenatal development, and why?

    <p>Embryonic period (Weeks 3-8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first month after birth called?

    <p>Neonatal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period beginning around the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth?

    <p>Perinatal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the Healthy People 2030 initiative's five broad determinants of health?

    <p>Physical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of an occupational profile for a community?

    <p>Community needs assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination in federally funded programs, while the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) focuses on preventing discrimination in all areas of public life.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four parts of Medicare?

    <p>Part A, Part B, Part C, Part D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

    <p>Medicaid covers a wider range of individuals compared to Medicare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

    <p>To expand access to health insurance and make healthcare more affordable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are habilitative services?

    <p>Services that help individuals gain or improve skills needed for daily living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates that all students with disabilities must receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) with an Individualized Education Program (IEP).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of grasps that children develop?

    <p>Power grasps and Precision grasps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) could interfere with an infant's ability to roll over if not integrated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate behavioral state for OT intervention with infants?

    <p>Quiet Alert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the predictable but not obligatory patterns of movement in infants?

    <p>Deep attractor wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of using one hand as the lead and the other as an assist, and at what age does it typically emerge?

    <p>Bimanual coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vision is the last sensory system to develop in infants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants' movements are primarily driven by reflexes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of at-risk infant?

    <p>Psychological Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the insufficient weight gain or inappropriate weight loss in infants?

    <p>Failure to Thrive (FTT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kinesthesia and Proprioception

    • Kinesthetic perception: interpreting information on body part positions and movements relative to each other and space.
    • Stereognosis: recognizing objects by touch (form, size, weight) with eyes closed.
    • Kinesthesia: sensing movement direction.
    • Proprioception: sensing body position in space.

    Middle Childhood and Preadolescence Self-Care

    • Middle childhood: Increasingly independent but still need reminders/supervision for self-care tasks.
    • Preadolescence: More independent with self-care.

    Middle Childhood Play Development

    • Middle childhood (6-10): Play expands to sports, more gender-segregated, with increased self-direction. Leisure activities like collecting/hobbies/crafts are common. Social play is significant.

    Puberty

    • Puberty involves endocrine system changes, secondary sex characteristic development, and reproductive maturity.
    • Puberty initiates adolescence. Girls can experience puberty as early as 10 years old.

    Skeletal Development

    • Epiphysis: the end portion of a long bone, initially separate from the shaft (diaphysis) by cartilage. Crucial for height growth.
    • Peak growth velocity: Boys reach peak velocity around 13.5 years old, girls at 11.5.
    • Adolescent growth spurt duration: Typically lasts 24-36 months; during this time, the epiphyses are vulnerable.

    Adolescent Obesity

    • Obesity rate among U.S. adolescents (12-19): 1 in 5.

    Adolescent Health Care Access Challenges

    • Peer pressure significantly hinders support for adolescent health care.

    Vaillant's Six Adult Life Tasks

    • Identity (teen)
    • Intimacy (young adult)
    • Career (middle)
    • Generativity (later middle)
    • Keeper of meaning (late)
    • Peace and unity (very late)

    Schaie and Willis' Stage Theory of Cognition

    • Stages: Acquisitive, Achieving, Responsible, Reorganizational, Reintegrative, Executive.
    • Executive stage can begin earlier.
    • Executive stage requires opportunity and intrinsic ability.

    Early Adulthood Stages/Intelligences/Challenges

    • Stages: Achieving and responsible.
    • Intelligences: Fluid (peaks by 30), Crystallized (improves with age).
    • Challenges: Stress and coping mechanisms.

    Coping Mechanisms

    • Adaptive coping: Addressing the stressor directly.
    • Palliative coping: Self-care activities for comfort and relaxation.

    Middle Adulthood

    • Role changes: Empty nest, work-role attachment, "sandwich generation," grandparenting.
    • Career stages: Consolidation, maintenance, deceleration.

    Late Adulthood Aging

    • Primary aging: Gradual deterioration of functional characteristics (irreversible). Examples: wrinkles, bone density loss, muscle mass.
    • Secondary aging: Changes caused by lifestyle, illness, or disease (preventable). Examples: arthritis, sedentary lifestyle.

    Contextual Factors Affecting Older Adults

    • Extrinsic factors: More resources, less demand, more help.
    • Intrinsic factors: Failing vision, fear of falling, no longer driving, decreased mobility.

    High-Risk Infants

    • High-risk infants: Infants with medical challenges often in NICUs. Parents may experience PTSD or depression.
    • Extensive discharge planning.

    Failure to Thrive (FTT)

    • FTT: Insufficient weight gain or inappropriate weight loss in infants.
    • OTs should assess feeding, routines, oral-motor, sensory, and gag reflex issues.

    Congenital Abnormalities

    • Congenital abnormalities: Birth defects.
    • Frequency: 1 in 33 U.S. babies annually.
    • Common Examples: Congenital heart defects, cleft lip/palate, neural tube defects (Spina bifida most common).

    Most Common Birth Defects

    • Congenital heart defects.

    Most Common Neural Tube Defect

    • Spina bifida.

    Most Common Syndrome

    • Down syndrome: Most common chromosomal condition.

    Down Syndrome

    • Trisomy 21: Full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21.

    Cerebral Palsy (CP)

    • CP: Chronic nonprogressive conditions affecting movement and muscle coordination; caused by brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth.

    Developmental Disabilities

    • Developmental disabilities: Lifelong physical and mental delays/limitations that manifest before age 22.
    • Examples: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), learning disabilities.

    Learning vs. Intellectual Disabilities

    • Learning disability: High IQ but difficulty using academic skills.
    • Intellectual disability: Limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors (low IQ).

    Intellectual Disability (ID) IQ Ranges and Supports

    • Borderline:70-85
    • Intellectual Disability: 70 and below
    • Mild: 50-70, full independence.
    • Moderate: 35-49, partial dependence (ADLs & IADLs).
    • Severe: 20-34, limited ADLs.
    • Profound: below 20, needs full support.

    Mental Health Disorders

    • Affect mood, behavior, or functioning.

    Preschool Anxiety Disorders

    • Selective mutism and generalized anxiety disorder.

    Factors Influencing Adult Occupations/Disability Experience

    • Contextual factors, including poverty, health policy, science, technology, and social support systems, disability subcultures.

    Disability Timing on Self-Concept

    • Disabilities occurring before age 10 are integrated into self-concept easier than those during late adolescence or early adulthood. Challenging in later adulthood but less debilitating than early-life disabilities.

    Common Adult Disability Causes

    • Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

    Osteoarthritis (OA) vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

    • OA: Degenerative joint cartilage and underlying bone; often develops later in life; typically unilateral. Often gradual onset.
    • RA: Autoimmune disease affecting joints and other tissues; inflammation; can develop at any age; rapid onset; typically bilateral.

    ADA Door Widths and Parking Space

    • ADA door width: 32 inches (without frame), 36 inches (with frame).
    • ADA parking space requirement: 12 feet wide with 48 inches on either side.

    Wheelchair Floor Space

    • Minimum wheelchair floor space: 5 feet by 5 feet.

    Prenatal Development Periods

    • Germinal: Conception to 2 weeks; rapid cellular divisions.
    • Embryonic: Weeks 3-8; morphologic development and organogenesis (neural tube formation).
    • Fetal: Weeks 9 to birth; growth and maturation.

    Most susceptible to Teratogens

    • Embryonic period (3-8 weeks) is most vulnerable to teratogens due to rapid organ development.

    Term Infant (Gestational Age)

    • Term infant: 37 weeks or more gestation. Preterm: less than 37 weeks.

    Neonatal Period

    • Neonatal period: First month after birth.

    Gestational Age

    • Gestational age: Starts the first day of the last menstrual period. Chronological age starts at birth.

    Infant Movement Basis

    • Reflexes: Primary drivers of infant movement.

    Deep Attractor Wells

    • Deep attractor wells: Stable, predictable movement patterns. Not obligatory; some babies skip crawling, for example.

    Reflexes (Examples)

    • Rooting reflex: Turning towards a touch to the cheek, opening mouth, and searching for a nipple.
    • Grasp and plantar reflexes: Pressure in palm or sole of foot causes fingers/toes flex; sustained reflex might be detrimental.
    • Stepping reflex: Coordinated alternating leg movement.
    • Moro reflex: Startle response with arm opening.
    • ATNR: Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex; arm and leg on face side are extended; opposite sides are flexed.

    Behavioral State System

    • Deep Sleep, Active/REM sleep, Transitioning to wakeful, Quiet alert, Active alert, Crying : Governs infant sleep/wake and other behavior.

    OT Focus State

    • Quiet alert: Ideal state for OT intervention.

    Infant Risk Factors

    • Biologic risks: Down syndrome;

    • Environmental risks: Neglect, low SES, poor air quality

    • Visual development is the last system to develop.

    Perinatal Period

    • Period beginning about the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth.

    Wellness

    • State of good physical, emotional, and mental health.

    Health Promotion/Prevention

    • Health Promotion: Providing information to enhance consumer health.
    • Prevention: Minimizing factors that lead to illness or impairment

    Social Determinants of Health

    • Conditions affecting health and well-being that affect where people are born, live, and spend their lives (e.g., education, home environment, community contexts).

    Healthy People 2030 Initiative: 5 Broad Determinants of Health

    • Economic stability
    • Education access and quality
    • Health care access and quality
    • Neighborhood and built environment
    • Social and community context

    Community Assessments/Monitoring

    • Community needs assessments: Gathering community information for improving community health (review of existing data).
    • Monitoring: Following up on community health improvement efforts.

    Health Outcomes

    • Individual outcomes (rehabilitation): Improvements in activities and participation.
    • Community outcomes: Improvements in morbidity, mortality, etc. from community-level interventions.
    • Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504: Prohibits discrimination in federally assisted programs.
    • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Prohibits discrimination in all public areas, including employment.
    • Fair Housing Act: Protects against housing discrimination.
    • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Ensures free appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, individualized education programs, and related services.

    Medicare

    • Federal health insurance for individuals 65+ and people with disabilities/chronic conditions.
      • Part A: Inpatient care.
      • Part B: Outpatient services.
      • Part C: Additional private coverage options.
      • Part D: Prescription drug coverage.

    Medicaid

    • Joint federal/state program for low-income individuals.

    Affordable Care Act (ACA)/Obamacare

    • Expanded Medicaid eligibility, mandated insurance for businesses with 50+ employees, and eliminated cost-sharing for preventive screenings.

    Basic Health Benefits (ACA)

    • Must include 10 essential health benefits (rehabilitative/habilitative) for individuals with incomes between 138-200% of the poverty level.

    Habilitative Services

    • Services tailored to children to help them acquire daily living skills. EI, pediatrics.

    Political Action Committees (PACs)

    • Committees that raise and spend campaign money.

    Milestones (3-5 years old)

    • Detailed gross and fine motor milestones for ages 3-5 are outlined by referenced age ranges.
    • Power and precision grasps are crucial aspects of fine motor development.
    • Bimanual coordination appears around three years.

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    Description

    This quiz explores critical concepts in developmental psychology, including kinesthesia, proprioception, and the stages of middle childhood and preadolescence in self-care and play. Additionally, it addresses the changes occurring during puberty. Test your understanding of these important developmental milestones and processes.

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