Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant limitation of naturalistic observation?
What is a significant limitation of naturalistic observation?
Which methodology primarily aims to analyze an individual's development in depth?
Which methodology primarily aims to analyze an individual's development in depth?
What is one of the strengths of psychophysiological methods?
What is one of the strengths of psychophysiological methods?
What is a limitation of ethnographic methods in research?
What is a limitation of ethnographic methods in research?
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In structured observations, what is a strength of this method compared to naturalistic observation?
In structured observations, what is a strength of this method compared to naturalistic observation?
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What aspect can potentially misinterpret physiological responses in psychophysiological methods?
What aspect can potentially misinterpret physiological responses in psychophysiological methods?
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What is a common characteristic of case studies regarding generalizability?
What is a common characteristic of case studies regarding generalizability?
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Which observation method is best suited for observing behaviors that are unlikely to occur spontaneously?
Which observation method is best suited for observing behaviors that are unlikely to occur spontaneously?
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What is the primary limitation of correlational studies?
What is the primary limitation of correlational studies?
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Which component is manipulated by an experimenter in an experimental design?
Which component is manipulated by an experimenter in an experimental design?
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In an experiment, what is the role of a confounding variable?
In an experiment, what is the role of a confounding variable?
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Which type of experimental design takes place in a naturalistic setting?
Which type of experimental design takes place in a naturalistic setting?
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What does a correlation coefficient of -0.85 signify?
What does a correlation coefficient of -0.85 signify?
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What is the main purpose of experimental control in research?
What is the main purpose of experimental control in research?
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What can be concluded if two variables are positively correlated?
What can be concluded if two variables are positively correlated?
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What defines cross-cultural research designs?
What defines cross-cultural research designs?
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What distinguishes normative development from ideographic development?
What distinguishes normative development from ideographic development?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of the scientific method?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the scientific method?
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What is a primary limitation of self-report methodologies?
What is a primary limitation of self-report methodologies?
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In the context of clinical method, what is a notable strength?
In the context of clinical method, what is a notable strength?
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According to the principles discussed, what does reliability refer to in measurement?
According to the principles discussed, what does reliability refer to in measurement?
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Which of the following statements best explains the concept of a theory in research?
Which of the following statements best explains the concept of a theory in research?
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What can be inferred about flexibility in the clinical method?
What can be inferred about flexibility in the clinical method?
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Why is validity important in developmental measurement?
Why is validity important in developmental measurement?
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Study Notes
Normative Development
- Typical patterns of development based on observation
Ideographic Development
- Individual differences in development
To Explain Development
- Addresses the "why" of development
To Optimize Development
- Helps people develop in positive directions
Objective and Replicable Methods
- Everyone examining the data should reach the same conclusions
- Every time the method is used, it should result in the same data and conclusions
- The scientific method is a safeguard against flawed reasoning
Generating Ideas and Testing them
- Theory: Set of concepts that describe patterns of behavior
- Hypotheses: Specific predictions derived from theory
Measuring Development
- Reliable: Consistent over time and between observers
- Valid: Measures what it is supposed to measure
Self-Report Methodologies
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Interviews/Questionnaires:
- Structured: Same questions in the same order allowing for comparison
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Strengths:
- Gathering large amounts of data
- Confidentiality improves accuracy
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Limitations:
- Ability to read/comprehend speech
- Honesty, accuracy, and social desirability bias
- Interpretation of questions
The Clinical Method
- Presents a task or stimulus, invites response, and follows with a tailored question or task
- Flexible approach considering individual unique response
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Strengths:
- Large amount of data collected in brief periods
- Flexibility
-
Limitations:
- Difficult to compare responses if different lines of questioning are used
- Subjective interpretation
Observational Methodologies
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing in common settings (natural)
-
Strengths:
- Easier to apply to infants (no verbal skills needed)
- Shows behaviour in everyday life without relying on self-report accuracy
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Limitations:
- Rare or undesirable behaviours may not occur
- Difficult to isolate the cause of an action or developmental trend
- Observer presence may influence behaviour
Structured Observations
- Conducted in a laboratory setting
- Participants exposed to a setting and observed surreptitiously
- Strength: All participants are exposed to the same environment
- Limitations: Results may not represent real life
Case Studies
- Detailed portrait of a single individual's development
- May also describe groups (e.g., group case study)
- Strength: Depth of information
-
Limitations:
- Difficult to compare subjects
- Lack of generalizability (results may not apply to others)
Ethnography
- Collect data by living within a cultural community for an extended period
- Strengths: Understanding cultural contexts and impacts on development
- Limitations: Subjective, results may not be generalizable
Psychophysiological Methods
- Examine the relationship between physiological responses and development
- Heart Rate: Compared to baseline, a decrease may indicate interest
- EEG/ERPs: Brain wave activity showing arousal states and stimulus detection
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Limitations:
- Difficult to determine what aspect of the stimulus caught attention
- Changes in physiology may be due to hunger, fatigue, or reaction to equipment, not the stimuli
Research Designs
-
Correlational Design:
- Examine the relationship between two or more variables
- Correlation coefficient (r) indicates the strength and direction of a relationship
- Postive ( + ) : Both variables increase
- Negative ( - ): One variable increases while the other decreases
-
Experimental Design:
- Investigates cause-and-effect relationships
- Introduces a change and measures the effect
-
Cross-Cultural Designs:
- Observe, test, and compare participants from different cultures or subcultures
The Correlational Design
- Correlational studies do not show causation
- Causal direction of the relationship is unknown
- Relationship could be due to a third, unmeasured variable
The Experimental Design: Concepts
- Independent Variable: The aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies to measure impacts
- Dependent Variable: The aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment
- Confounding Variable: A factor other than the independent variable that could explain differences in participants' performance
- Experimental Control: Steps taken to ensure that all extraneous factors are equivalent across conditions
The Experimental Design: Types
- Laboratory Experiment: Conducted in a laboratory setting with high control
- Field Experiment: Conducted in a naturalistic setting with higher ecological validity
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Natural (or Quasi-) Experiment: Measuring the impact of a naturally occurring event
- Independent variable cannot be manipulated, and participants are not randomly assigned
Cross-cultural Designs
- Participants from different cultures or subcultures are observed, tested, and compared
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Description
Explore the key concepts in developmental psychology, including normative and ideographic development, the scientific methods used in psychology, and reliable self-report methodologies. This quiz will test your understanding of how developmental patterns are analyzed and optimized in psychological research.
