Developmental Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant limitation of naturalistic observation?

  • It can be easily conducted in laboratory settings.
  • It may not capture rare or socially undesirable behaviors. (correct)
  • It does not require participants to be aware of being observed.
  • It makes it easy to isolate causes of actions.

    • Which methodology primarily aims to analyze an individual's development in depth?

  • Ethnography
  • Case study (correct)
  • Structured observation
  • Naturalistic observation

    • What is one of the strengths of psychophysiological methods?

  • They provide insight into the physiological reactions associated with development. (correct)
  • They are completely objective without any observer bias.
  • They ensure that all participants have similar developmental backgrounds.
  • They focus solely on behavioral observations.

    • What is a limitation of ethnographic methods in research?

    <p>They may lead to subjective interpretations and lack generalizability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In structured observations, what is a strength of this method compared to naturalistic observation?

    <p>All participants are exposed to the same controlled environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect can potentially misinterpret physiological responses in psychophysiological methods?

    <p>Physiological changes may also be due to hunger or fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of case studies regarding generalizability?

    <p>The depth of information often lacks generalizability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation method is best suited for observing behaviors that are unlikely to occur spontaneously?

    <p>Structured observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of correlational studies?

    <p>They cannot establish a cause-effect relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is manipulated by an experimenter in an experimental design?

    <p>Independent Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment, what is the role of a confounding variable?

    <p>To introduce variation that the experimenter did not account for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of experimental design takes place in a naturalistic setting?

    <p>Field Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of -0.85 signify?

    <p>A strong negative relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of experimental control in research?

    <p>To ensure the independent variable is the only factor influencing results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded if two variables are positively correlated?

    <p>Both variables can increase simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines cross-cultural research designs?

    <p>Comparing participants across different cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes normative development from ideographic development?

    <p>Normative development is grounded in typical patterns of observation, while ideographic development focuses on individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the scientific method?

    <p>It employs objective and replicable methods for data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary limitation of self-report methodologies?

    <p>Respondent comprehension and honesty can impact data quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of clinical method, what is a notable strength?

    <p>It gathers large quantities of data in a flexible setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the principles discussed, what does reliability refer to in measurement?

    <p>The consistency of a measure over time and across observers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best explains the concept of a theory in research?

    <p>It is a collection of ideas that proceed to explain behavioral patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about flexibility in the clinical method?

    <p>It allows researchers to adapt questioning based on participant responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is validity important in developmental measurement?

    <p>It affirms that a measurement accurately reflects what it intends to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Normative Development

    • Typical patterns of development based on observation

    Ideographic Development

    • Individual differences in development

    To Explain Development

    • Addresses the "why" of development

    To Optimize Development

    • Helps people develop in positive directions

    Objective and Replicable Methods

    • Everyone examining the data should reach the same conclusions
    • Every time the method is used, it should result in the same data and conclusions
    • The scientific method is a safeguard against flawed reasoning

    Generating Ideas and Testing them

    • Theory: Set of concepts that describe patterns of behavior
    • Hypotheses: Specific predictions derived from theory

    Measuring Development

    • Reliable: Consistent over time and between observers
    • Valid: Measures what it is supposed to measure

    Self-Report Methodologies

    • Interviews/Questionnaires:
      • Structured: Same questions in the same order allowing for comparison
    • Strengths:
      • Gathering large amounts of data
      • Confidentiality improves accuracy
    • Limitations:
      • Ability to read/comprehend speech
      • Honesty, accuracy, and social desirability bias
      • Interpretation of questions

    The Clinical Method

    • Presents a task or stimulus, invites response, and follows with a tailored question or task
    • Flexible approach considering individual unique response
    • Strengths:
      • Large amount of data collected in brief periods
      • Flexibility
    • Limitations:
      • Difficult to compare responses if different lines of questioning are used
      • Subjective interpretation

    Observational Methodologies

    • Naturalistic Observation: Observing in common settings (natural)
    • Strengths:
      • Easier to apply to infants (no verbal skills needed)
      • Shows behaviour in everyday life without relying on self-report accuracy
    • Limitations:
      • Rare or undesirable behaviours may not occur
      • Difficult to isolate the cause of an action or developmental trend
      • Observer presence may influence behaviour

    Structured Observations

    • Conducted in a laboratory setting
    • Participants exposed to a setting and observed surreptitiously
    • Strength: All participants are exposed to the same environment
    • Limitations: Results may not represent real life

    Case Studies

    • Detailed portrait of a single individual's development
    • May also describe groups (e.g., group case study)
    • Strength: Depth of information
    • Limitations:
      • Difficult to compare subjects
      • Lack of generalizability (results may not apply to others)

    Ethnography

    • Collect data by living within a cultural community for an extended period
    • Strengths: Understanding cultural contexts and impacts on development
    • Limitations: Subjective, results may not be generalizable

    Psychophysiological Methods

    • Examine the relationship between physiological responses and development
    • Heart Rate: Compared to baseline, a decrease may indicate interest
    • EEG/ERPs: Brain wave activity showing arousal states and stimulus detection
    • Limitations:
      • Difficult to determine what aspect of the stimulus caught attention
      • Changes in physiology may be due to hunger, fatigue, or reaction to equipment, not the stimuli

    Research Designs

    • Correlational Design:
      • Examine the relationship between two or more variables
      • Correlation coefficient (r) indicates the strength and direction of a relationship
        • Postive ( + ) : Both variables increase
        • Negative ( - ): One variable increases while the other decreases
    • Experimental Design:
      • Investigates cause-and-effect relationships
      • Introduces a change and measures the effect
    • Cross-Cultural Designs:
      • Observe, test, and compare participants from different cultures or subcultures

    The Correlational Design

    • Correlational studies do not show causation
    • Causal direction of the relationship is unknown
    • Relationship could be due to a third, unmeasured variable

    The Experimental Design: Concepts

    • Independent Variable: The aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies to measure impacts
    • Dependent Variable: The aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment
    • Confounding Variable: A factor other than the independent variable that could explain differences in participants' performance
    • Experimental Control: Steps taken to ensure that all extraneous factors are equivalent across conditions

    The Experimental Design: Types

    • Laboratory Experiment: Conducted in a laboratory setting with high control
    • Field Experiment: Conducted in a naturalistic setting with higher ecological validity
    • Natural (or Quasi-) Experiment: Measuring the impact of a naturally occurring event
      • Independent variable cannot be manipulated, and participants are not randomly assigned

    Cross-cultural Designs

    • Participants from different cultures or subcultures are observed, tested, and compared

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    Related Documents

    PS 214: Methods in Developmental Psychology PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts in developmental psychology, including normative and ideographic development, the scientific methods used in psychology, and reliable self-report methodologies. This quiz will test your understanding of how developmental patterns are analyzed and optimized in psychological research.

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