Methods for Studying Development
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of structured observation?

  • Children are allowed to behave freely.
  • It takes place in the child's natural environment.
  • Prescribed tasks are given in a controlled setting. (correct)
  • It focuses solely on social interactions.

Which approach allows for flexibility in questioning during an interview?

  • Naturalistic interview
  • Structured interview
  • Clinical interview (correct)
  • Correlational interview

What is a major limitation of correlational designs?

  • They can confirm causation.
  • They ensure experimental control.
  • They do not include random assignment. (correct)
  • They are time-consuming to conduct.

In cross-sectional designs, researchers compare children of different ages based on which of the following?

<p>A specific set of behaviors, abilities, or characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a requirement for experimental designs?

<p>Use of subjective measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of longitudinal studies?

<p>They track the same children over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is best for understanding the reasons behind specific behaviors in children?

<p>Clinical interview (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is observed in naturalistic observation?

<p>Children in their everyday environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the behavior Lee exhibits during the beginning of kindergarten?

<p>Withdrawal and limited engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most appropriate for assessing a child's behavior adjustment in school?

<p>Descriptive observation of the child's actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a concern for parents when observing Lee's behavior?

<p>The potential impact of home environment on Lee’s behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of scientific method is reflected in consistently observing Lee's behavior?

<p>Reliability as consistent measurement over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could teachers best assist Lee in adjusting to kindergarten?

<p>By providing consistent reassurance and support during interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be an incorrect assumption regarding Lee's difficulty in school?

<p>Lee will adjust without any intervention or support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible explanation for Lee's initial quietness in class?

<p>An adjustment period to a new environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misunderstanding of the adjustment process in children like Lee?

<p>All children adjust to new school environments in the same way. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by passive effects in genotype-environment correlations?

<p>Parents provide both the genetic and environmental context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evocative effects in the context of genotype-environment correlations?

<p>A child's characteristics elicit specific responses from their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active effects in genotype-environment correlations imply that individuals do what?

<p>Select environments that resonate with their genetic predispositions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correlations does not align with the concept of genotype-environment interaction?

<p>Genetically predisposed traits have no impact on environmental choices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about genotype-environment correlations is false?

<p>Passive effects occur only in the absence of genetic influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of heritability estimate?

<p>The proportion of trait variability attributable to genetics in a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is heritability different from individual traits?

<p>Heritability concerns groups of individuals rather than single cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of studies measure traits within family members to identify correlations?

<p>Family studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the adoption studies mentioned?

<p>They highlight differences between biological and adoptive family traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In twin studies, what is primarily being measured?

<p>Variability in traits between monozygotic and dizygotic twins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents a flow of influence from parents to children concerning genotype?

<p>Parent genotype to child genotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship of environment and phenotype?

<p>Child environment influences child phenotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The correlation coefficient (r) of .90 indicates what level of relationship?

<p>A strong positive correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not imply regarding the concept of heritability?

<p>Heritability relates directly to individual differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Interview

A research method where you ask questions to understand a behavior or phenomenon. It can be structured (same questions for everyone) or clinical (allowing departure from the script).

Correlational Design

A research approach that looks for relationships between variables. For example, does time spent reading correlate with reading comprehension?

Naturalistic Observation

A research method that involves observing children in their natural settings, such as playgrounds or homes.

Structured Observation

A research method that involves observing children in a controlled environment while they complete prescribed tasks.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A way to gather data by comparing children of different ages on the same behaviors, abilities, or characteristics at the same time.

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Longitudinal Design

A way to gather data by following a group of children over time, usually months or years, measuring them repeatedly.

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Random Assignment

A key requirement in experimental designs. Participants are randomly assigned to different groups to minimize bias in the study.

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Experimental Control

A key requirement in experimental designs. The researcher carefully controls specific variables to isolate their impact on the outcome of the study.

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Scientific Method

A method of studying development that involves gathering and analyzing data to test hypotheses about how individuals change and grow.

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Reliability

Refers to the consistency of a measurement. If a measurement is reliable, it will produce similar results over time and under different conditions.

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Validity

Refers to the accuracy of a measurement. A measurement is valid if it measures what it is intended to measure.

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Descriptive Approach

A research approach that focuses on describing and documenting a behavior or phenomenon without trying to explain it.

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Predictive Approach

A research approach that aims to predict the occurrence of a behavior or phenomenon.

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Participant Observation

A type of observational study where the researcher participates in the group being observed, gaining direct experience with their behavior and culture.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A type of study that involves collecting data from a large sample of individuals at a single point in time. This type of study can help researchers identify trends and patterns in development.

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Passive Gene-Environment Correlation

A child's genetic makeup influences the environment they are exposed to, creating a cycle where genes and environment interact.

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Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation

A child's characteristics or behaviors evoke reactions from others, shaping their environment.

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Active Gene-Environment Correlation

Children actively select environments and experiences that align with their genetic predispositions.

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Twin Studies

A research method where you compare the traits of identical (MZ) twins to those of fraternal (DZ) twins.

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Adoption Studies

A research method where children's traits are compared to both their biological and adoptive parents to see which has a stronger influence.

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Intervention Studies

A research design that aims to understand the interplay of genes and environment by studying developmental changes over time, often with interventions or manipulations.

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Parent genotype ® child genotype

The way parental genes are passed down to their children.

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Child genotype ® child phenotype

The process by which genes influence the development of a child's physical and mental traits.

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Child environment ® child phenotype

The impact of a child's environment on their developing traits.

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Child phenotype ® child environment

The way a child's traits can influence their environment.

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Child environment ® child genotype?!

A potential pathway for understanding the reciprocal influence between environment and genotype.

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Correlation

A statistical measure that summarizes the strength of a relationship between two variables.

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Study Notes

Methods for Studying Development

  • Methods used to study development must be reliable and valid
  • Scientific method involves testing hypotheses, considering reliability and validity of measurements
  • Reliability refers to consistent measurement
  • Validity refers to measuring what you want to measure
  • All beliefs, no matter how probable, may be wrong until tested, requiring careful consideration of hypotheses.

Small Group Discussion: The Complexity of Development

  • Example provided: A child (Lee) struggling to adjust to kindergarten
  • Questions raised include: parental role, teacher involvement, and possible reasons for Lee's behavior
  • Discussion encourages reflection on the factors impacting a child's development
  • Lee's quiet demeanor, limited participation, and seeking assistance are noted behaviors.

The Scientific Method

  • All beliefs may be wrong until tested
  • Hypotheses require testing to be considered valid
  • Reliability is key for consistent measurement
  • Validity ensures measurements accurately reflect the desired aspect

What is Your Goal?

  • Goals for studying behavior include description, prediction, and explanation
  • Descriptive approaches document behavior
  • Correlational approaches predict behavior
  • Experimental approaches explain behavior

Interviews

  • Techniques include structured (same questions for everyone) and clinical (flexible questions) interviews
  • Structured interviews ensure consistency
  • Clinical interviews allow for in-depth exploration

Naturalistic Observation

  • Observation of children in natural environments
  • Useful for understanding social interactions
  • Potential limitations and biases exist

Structured Observation

  • Observation of children performing tasks
  • Useful for studying specific behaviors
  • May miss spontaneous or complex behaviors

Correlational Designs

  • Examine relationships between variables
  • Correlation does not imply causation
  • Other factors may influence the observed relationship

Experimental Designs

  • Two key requirements: random assignment and experimental control
  • Allow for drawing conclusions about cause and effect
  • Crucial for isolating influence of independent variables

Basic Developmental Designs

  • Cross-sectional: Compares different age groups at one time point
  • Shows differences across ages, but doesn't show stability/change over time
  • Longitudinal: Follows the same group of children over time
  • Reveals stability and trends, but can be costly and time-consuming
  • Microgenetic: Focuses on processes of change in the moment (short time frame)
  • Offers in-depth exploration of change but doesn't predict long term trends

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Related Documents

Methods for Studying Development PDF
Nature vs. Nurture Class 4 & 5 PDF

Description

Explore the methods used to study development, focusing on reliability, validity, and the scientific method. Engage in discussions about the complexities surrounding children's development, including parental and teacher roles. Understand how goals in studying behavior aid in description, prediction, and explanation.

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