Development Policies in India (1947-90)

It provided a direct trade route for ships between European or American ports and South Asia, eliminating the need to sail around Africa, thus reducing transportation costs.

The second stage of demographic transition began after 1921, indicating a shift towards higher population growth rates.

Before 1921, the infant mortality rate was approximately 218 per thousand, which improved to 33 per thousand later.

<p>Overall literacy was less than 16 percent, with female literacy at an alarmingly low level of around 7 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate public health facilities and low levels of literacy significantly contributed to widespread poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The occupational structure was primarily agrarian, with a majority of the population engaged in agriculture and manual labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life expectancy was only 32 years during the colonial period, significantly lower than the present figure of 69 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonial policies led to industrial stagnation, prioritizing resource extraction for Britain over developing India's own industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary purposes were to mobilize the army within India and to transport raw materials from the countryside to ports for export.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agricultural sector continued to dominate, comprising about 70-75% of the workforce, while manufacturing and services sectors contributed only 10-20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors included inadequate infrastructure such as poor all-weather roads and dependence on agriculture vulnerable to natural calamities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British policies extracted raw materials for export and limited industrial development, resulting in significant wealth being transferred out of India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prevalence of these diseases contributed to a very high mortality rate, exacerbating public health crises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India exhibited a demographic transition where the majority of the workforce remained in agriculture, indicating limited industrial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rural areas suffered from an acute shortage of all-weather roads, making it difficult to access aid and resources during crises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The services sector accounted for only about 10-20% of the workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British colonial policies led to the decline of traditional handicraft industries by imposing heavy tariffs on Indian goods and promoting British manufactured products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British aimed to facilitate resource extraction, improve transportation for military purposes, and enhance trade with Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant shortfall of British industrial policy was the neglect of Indigenous industries, leading to a lack of industrial growth and development in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'drain of wealth' refers to the continuous extraction of resources and wealth from India to Britain, detrimental to India's economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The year 1921 is regarded as the defining point of demographic transition in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India experienced high population growth, significant rural-urban migration, and varying mortality rates due to famines and epidemics during the colonial period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Before independence, the occupational structure was predominantly agrarian, with a significant portion of the population engaged in agriculture and traditional crafts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At independence, India faced challenges like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and a lack of industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers