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The state of the Indian economy was analyzed from the eve of independence till after four decades of planned ______.
The state of the Indian economy was analyzed from the eve of independence till after four decades of planned ______.
development
The establishment of the ______ Commission was one of the steps taken by the Government of India after independence.
The establishment of the ______ Commission was one of the steps taken by the Government of India after independence.
Planning
Victor Alexander Vruce was the ______ of British India in 1894.
Victor Alexander Vruce was the ______ of British India in 1894.
Viceroy
The two chapters in this unit provide an overview of the Indian economy from 1947 to ______.
The two chapters in this unit provide an overview of the Indian economy from 1947 to ______.
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An understanding of the ______ nature of the relationship between India and British colonial powers is vital for assessing economic development.
An understanding of the ______ nature of the relationship between India and British colonial powers is vital for assessing economic development.
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Before the advent of British rule, India had an independent ______.
Before the advent of British rule, India had an independent ______.
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The primary objective of the book is to familiarize readers with the basic features of the Indian economy and its ______ post-independence.
The primary objective of the book is to familiarize readers with the basic features of the Indian economy and its ______ post-independence.
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The critical appraisal in this unit includes both the merits and ______ of planned development.
The critical appraisal in this unit includes both the merits and ______ of planned development.
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The agricultural sector in India prior to independence experienced significant ______.
The agricultural sector in India prior to independence experienced significant ______.
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The interest of the zamindars was primarily to collect ______.
The interest of the zamindars was primarily to collect ______.
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Low levels of technology and lack of ______ facilities contributed to agricultural productivity issues.
Low levels of technology and lack of ______ facilities contributed to agricultural productivity issues.
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The zamindari system was particularly implemented in the then ______ Presidency.
The zamindari system was particularly implemented in the then ______ Presidency.
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The profit from agriculture typically went to the ______ instead of the cultivators.
The profit from agriculture typically went to the ______ instead of the cultivators.
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Many zamindars did little to improve the condition of ______.
Many zamindars did little to improve the condition of ______.
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Revenue settlements introduced by the colonial government often had severe ______ on cultivators.
Revenue settlements introduced by the colonial government often had severe ______ on cultivators.
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There was some evidence of a higher yield of cash crops due to the ______ of agriculture.
There was some evidence of a higher yield of cash crops due to the ______ of agriculture.
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The primary motive of the colonial government was to reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of important ______ materials.
The primary motive of the colonial government was to reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of important ______ materials.
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The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was incorporated in ______.
The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was incorporated in ______.
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The jute mills dominated by foreigners were mainly concentrated in ______.
The jute mills dominated by foreigners were mainly concentrated in ______.
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The cotton textile mills were mainly located in the western parts of ______.
The cotton textile mills were mainly located in the western parts of ______.
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After the Second World War, a few other industries in fields such as sugar, cement, and ______ came up.
After the Second World War, a few other industries in fields such as sugar, cement, and ______ came up.
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The capital goods industry means industries which can produce ______ tools.
The capital goods industry means industries which can produce ______ tools.
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The establishment of a capital goods industry in India was intended to promote further ______ in India.
The establishment of a capital goods industry in India was intended to promote further ______ in India.
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The iron and steel industries began coming up in the beginning of the ______ century.
The iron and steel industries began coming up in the beginning of the ______ century.
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Consequently, the occupational structure of India, i.e., water and air-borne diseases were ______ distribution of working persons
Consequently, the occupational structure of India, i.e., water and air-borne diseases were ______ distribution of working persons
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The overall mortality rate was very high and in that, the ______ sector accounted for
The overall mortality rate was very high and in that, the ______ sector accounted for
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Telegraphs did develop. However, the real motive behind this development was not to provide ______ to the people
Telegraphs did develop. However, the real motive behind this development was not to provide ______ to the people
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Roads constructed in India prior to the advent of British rule were not fit for ______.
Roads constructed in India prior to the advent of British rule were not fit for ______.
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People mostly living in these areas suffered grievously during ______ and famines.
People mostly living in these areas suffered grievously during ______ and famines.
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Another striking aspect was the growing regional ______.
Another striking aspect was the growing regional ______.
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The largest share of workforce usually remained at a high of ______ per cent.
The largest share of workforce usually remained at a high of ______ per cent.
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The manufacturing and services sectors accounted for only ______ and 15-20 per cent respectively.
The manufacturing and services sectors accounted for only ______ and 15-20 per cent respectively.
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These measures were far from ______ debate.
These measures were far from ______ debate.
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The inland waterways, at times, also proved ______.
The inland waterways, at times, also proved ______.
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The introduction of the expensive system of electric ______ in India served the purpose of maintaining law and order.
The introduction of the expensive system of electric ______ in India served the purpose of maintaining law and order.
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The postal services, despite serving a useful public purpose, remained all through ______.
The postal services, despite serving a useful public purpose, remained all through ______.
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By the time India won its independence, the impact of the two-century long British colonial rule was already showing on all aspects of the Indian ______.
By the time India won its independence, the impact of the two-century long British colonial rule was already showing on all aspects of the Indian ______.
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The agricultural sector was already saddled with surplus ______ and extremely low productivity.
The agricultural sector was already saddled with surplus ______ and extremely low productivity.
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Foreign trade was oriented to feed the ______ Revolution in Britain.
Foreign trade was oriented to feed the ______ Revolution in Britain.
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Infrastructure facilities, including the famed railway network, needed ______, expansion and public orientation.
Infrastructure facilities, including the famed railway network, needed ______, expansion and public orientation.
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The required welfare orientation of public industrial sector was crying for _____ economic policy.
The required welfare orientation of public industrial sector was crying for _____ economic policy.
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Under the colonial dispensation, the economic policies were more concerned with British _____ interests.
Under the colonial dispensation, the economic policies were more concerned with British _____ interests.
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The agricultural sector continued to experience stagnation and deterioration despite the fact that the largest section of Indian population depended on it for _____
The agricultural sector continued to experience stagnation and deterioration despite the fact that the largest section of Indian population depended on it for _____
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The rule of the British government led to the collapse of India’s world-famous _____ industries.
The rule of the British government led to the collapse of India’s world-famous _____ industries.
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Lack of adequate public health facilities resulted in engendering high _____ rates.
Lack of adequate public health facilities resulted in engendering high _____ rates.
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Some efforts were made by the colonial regime to improve infrastructure facilities, but these efforts were spiced with _____ motives.
Some efforts were made by the colonial regime to improve infrastructure facilities, but these efforts were spiced with _____ motives.
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The independent Indian government had to build on this base through _____
The independent Indian government had to build on this base through _____
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The economic policies of the colonial government were not focused on developing the economic condition of the colonised _____ and its people.
The economic policies of the colonial government were not focused on developing the economic condition of the colonised _____ and its people.
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Study Notes
Unit I: Development Policies and Experience (1947-90)
- This unit provides an overview of the Indian economy from independence (1947) to 1990, outlining the government's planned development policies and five-year plans.
- The unit critically reviews the merits and limitations of planned development during this period.
- The Indian economy's state before independence until four decades after planned development is reviewed.
- The government's steps, such as establishing the Planning Commission, and announcing five-year plans, are examined.
- The goals of these five-year plans and their effectiveness are evaluated.
Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
- The Indian economy in 1947 was significantly underdeveloped and stagnant.
- Learners will become familiar with the state of the Indian economy in 1947.
- The factors leading to underdevelopment and stagnation will be explored.
- Colonial rule heavily influenced the economic structure.
Introduction (1.1)
- India's economic development under British rule is discussed.
- The primary objective is to familiarize students with the basic features of the Indian economy today and its development after independence.
- The book also highlights the economic past to understand the present state.
- India's pre-independence economic status and post-independence strategic considerations are analyzed.
- The structure of the Indian economy was shaped fundamentally by colonial policies aimed at extracting raw materials for the British Empire, rather than fostering domestic development.
Low Level of Economic Development Under Colonial Rule (1.2)
- Before British rule, India had its own independent economy, primarily based on agriculture.
- Manufacturing activities—handicrafts like textiles, metalwork, and precious stone—were well-known.
- These industries faced difficulties under British rule, reducing Indian products' competitiveness in the international market.
- The main source of livelihood was agriculture and the economy was mostly characterized by various forms of manufacturing activities, such as textiles and traditional crafts
- The colonial government's main objective was to extract raw materials and resources from India to support the British industrial base.
Agricultural Sector (1.3)
- The agricultural sector played a dominant role in the pre-independence economy, employing a large portion of the population.
- However, the sector faced stagnation under British rule, due to policies like zamindari system, low use of technology and lack of investment and irrigation.
- Pre-independence India's agricultural prosperity is contrasted with the stagnation during the colonial period.
- Colonial policies focussed mainly on raw materials, impacting India's productivity and farmers' well-being.
Industrial Sector (1.4)
- During the colonial period, India's industrial sector didn't have a strong base.
- Handicraft industries declined.
- The country was reduced to a producer of raw materials for British industries.
- The focus on raw materials and textiles as the initial forms of manufacturing in pre-independence India is highlighted.
- Little industrial development occurred, and existing industries were often exploited for raw materials for the British Empire.
Foreign Trade (1.5)
- India's foreign trade under British rule was characterized by a large export surplus of raw materials and essential commodities.
- Primarily export of raw materials, India became heavily reliant on foreign imports for finished goods.
- Britain had a restrictive policy on Indian commodities' export and import.
- The British government's policies created a trade imbalance harming the Indian economy.
Demographic Condition (1.6)
- India had a sizable rural population with a majority working in agriculture.
- The pre-independence period was marked by low literacy rates, high infant mortality rates, and a low life expectancy compared to the present.
- Limited public health facilities and frequent famines contributed to the high mortality and low life expectancy.
- The data used had limitations but revealed how uneven India's population growth was.
Occupational Structure (1.7)
- Approximately 85% of the population lived in villages.
- The majority of the population relied on agriculture or related activities.
- The agricultural sector dominated the pre-independence occupational structure.
- Manufacturing contributed significantly less.
Infrastructure (1.8)
- In pre-independence India infrastructure like railways, postal service, roads, ports were limited and not always helpful.
- The introduction of railways had mixed results, benefiting transportation but not improving the economic situation overall.
Conclusion (1.9)
- The impact of British colonial rule on India’s economy was significant, and the country faced considerable social and economic challenges during and after the British Raj.
- The agricultural sector was significantly impacted, facing prolonged stagnation compared to pre-British eras
- The agricultural sector faced stagnation, and the industrial sector was underdeveloped and limited
- The period before independence exhibited considerable economic and social challenges for India.
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Description
This quiz explores the development policies of the Indian economy from independence in 1947 to 1990, highlighting the government's five-year plans and the outcomes of planned development. It also examines the pre-independence economic landscape and the impact of colonial rule on India's economic structure. Test your understanding of this critical period in India's economic history.
