Development of Learning and Memory
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic is associated with children who have elaborative parents?

  • They have a diminished sense of self extended through time.
  • They possess a better understanding of their own and others' mental states. (correct)
  • They engage in less detailed autobiographical recall.
  • They have less developed personal narratives.

    • What does the term 'reminiscence bump' refer to?

  • Increased recall of events from mid-adulthood.
  • The decline of memory reliability in older adults.
  • Improved cognitive ability in later life.
  • Enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early childhood. (correct)

    • How does the reliability of learning and memory in children change over time?

  • It improves due to increased control over cognitive processes. (correct)
  • It remains unchanged across different developmental stages.
  • It is influenced solely by environmental factors.
  • It decreases as children grow older.

    • At what stage do children typically begin to exhibit coherent autobiographical knowledge?

    <p>Toward the end of preschool years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a child's identity develops notably due to elaborative reminiscing by parents?

    <p>A stronger sense of self extended through time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parental reminiscing style impact a child’s development of autobiographical memory?

    <p>It helps children learn narrative construction through shared recollection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a high elaborative parent during reminiscing sessions?

    <p>Using open-ended questions and encouraging narrative contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of shared reminiscing is emphasized more in western cultures compared to others?

    <p>Individualized narratives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of low elaborative parental reminiscing?

    <p>Using few questions and repetitive prompts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a focus of the study mentioned regarding parental reminiscing style?

    <p>How reminiscing affects the age at which children form their earliest memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory do infants display when they imitate actions after a delay?

    <p>Deferred imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can infants begin to imitate specific facial expressions modeled by adults?

    <p>Within the first month after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-defining memories?

    <p>They are connected to self-identity and goal attainment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive development is linked to the emergence of a coherent self-concept in children?

    <p>Improvement in cognitive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the emergence of a coherent self-concept typically occur?

    <p>During the second and third year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is childhood amnesia?

    <p>Inability to retrieve episodic memories from early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to childhood amnesia?

    <p>The emergence of cognitive self in early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of memory improves significantly from 12 months to 24 months of age in infants?

    <p>The number of exposures needed to remember an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about young infants' memories?

    <p>Their memories are often disorganized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural variations in the age of earliest memories can be attributed to which factors?

    <p>Parents' storytelling and memory practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the 'reminisce bump' phenomenon observed during early adulthood?

    <p>A greater proportion of self-defining events occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of memory tends to remain intact in healthy older adults?

    <p>Procedural memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do aging-related cognitive declines manifest in older adults compared to younger adults?

    <p>They exhibit impairments in controlled memory processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the associative deficit hypothesis suggest about older adults' memory?

    <p>They specifically struggle to create and retrieve associative links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of information is older adults found to struggle with the most when forming new memories?

    <p>Unfamiliar or semantically unrelated materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In comparison to younger adults, older adults are often more impaired in which memory task?

    <p>Cued recall tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed regarding older adults and the recall of semantically related materials?

    <p>Their performance is similar to that of younger adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does digital memory have on reminiscing practices for individuals?

    <p>It may shift how and what is remembered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines implicit memory in the context of aging?

    <p>It remains generally intact during aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is usually the effect of cognitive aging on the recall of information?

    <p>Improves ability to recall well-learned material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates precocial species from altricial species?

    <p>Altricial species are highly dependent on social support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes spontaneous recovery?

    <p>An increase in response strength after a period of stimulus absence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does operant conditioning function in learning behavior?

    <p>It involves making responses to obtain or avoid consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can infants start learning through operant conditioning?

    <p>Infants as young as 2 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conjugate reinforcement paradigm measure?

    <p>Infants' ability to kick in response to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate category learning?

    <p>By organizing experiences based on perceptual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the preferential looking experimental paradigm?

    <p>To measure infants' recognition of stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are typicality effects related to in 3-4 month old infants?

    <p>Their knowledge of category prototypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newborns are credited with which of the following abilities?

    <p>Discrimination of different examples of the same object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'contextual conditioning' refer to?

    <p>Different responses produced in varied environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the high capacity for ontogenetic adaptation in altricial species?

    <p>Extensive social support during early development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study where infants sucked on an artificial nipple, what determined whether a familiar or novel story was played?

    <p>The frequency of sucking actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children first exhibit episodic memories of their experiences?

    <p>It varies significantly among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Development of Learning and Memory

    • Precocial species are born with well-developed behaviors, genetically determined.
    • Altricial species are born with undeveloped behaviors, highly dependent on social support and adaptable.
    • The nature versus nurture debate in developmental psychology explores the contribution of innate factors and experience.
    • Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a weakened response after a period of no stimulus.
    • Stimulus specificity means habituation to one stimulus does not extend to other stimuli.
    • Operant conditioning is a learning process in which responses are strengthened or weakened depending on their consequences.
    • Feedback signals (rewards and punishments) are used in operant conditioning to shape behavior.

    Infant Development

    • Infants exhibit conjugate reinforcement (kicking to move a mobile) and demonstrate operant learning.
    • Babies as young as two months learn through operant conditioning to produce movement.
    • Infants exhibit contextual conditioning, showing the same response only in specific environments.
    • Category learning and discrimination show that infants organize experience into categories from an early age.
    • Infants demonstrate preferential looking, indicating they can distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli by focusing on the novel stimulus.
    • Infants demonstrate typicality effects, and can discriminate between phonemes (e.g., /ta/ and /da/).

    Episodic Memory

    • Infants exhibit episodic memories, demonstrating imitation and deferred imitation (imitation after a delay) of facial expressions and actions.
    • 12–24 month-olds display imitation of observed actions immediately and after a delay.
    • Early childhood memories tend to be unreliable, especially in the first 3-4 years of life.
    • Autobiographical memory evolves as self-concept develops, aiding organization of life events into a narrative.
    • Cultural differences in parenting styles of reminiscence between cultures can influence how extensively details of the childhood events are recalled.

    Childhood Amnesia

    • Children have difficulty recalling memories from their early infancy years.
    • There are numerous hypotheses about the causes of childhood amnesia, including differences in brain development and cognitive abilities.
    • Memory retrieval in older adults is affected depending on whether the presented material was meaningful.

    Factors Influencing Memory in Older Adults

    • Older adults may exhibit deficits in explicit memory tasks but not in implicit memory.
    • The reminiscence bump refers to the tendency of adults to recall memories more vividly from their adolescence and young adulthood.
    • Several factors, such as changes in the brain and changes with age, are related to the reduced quality and quantity of memory in older adults.

    Cultural Influences on Memory

    • Individualized or shared reminiscing styles affect episodic memory development.
    • High elaborative parents tend to recount elaborately about past experiences with their child and encourage them to participate in constructing a narrative.
    • Low elaborative parents tend to ask few and straightforward questions affecting the recollection of memories.

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    Description

    Explore the nuances of learning and memory in developmental psychology. This quiz covers various concepts including precocial and altricial species, habituation, operant conditioning, and infant development. Test your understanding of how genetics and environment shape behavior.

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