Development of Learning and Memory

A social activity where individuals share and discuss past experiences, often influenced by cultural norms.

Personal stories that focus on individual experiences and perspectives, often emphasizing unique details and insights.

The collection of personal memories that form an individual's understanding of their own life history.

A style of reminiscing that involves providing rich detail, encouraging participation, and integrating responses into a coherent narrative.

The way parents engage in reminiscing with their children, which can vary in terms of elaboration and detail.

Animals born with well-developed behaviors due to their genetic makeup, requiring minimal parental care.

Animals born with undeveloped behaviors and skills, highly dependent on parental care for survival.

The ability of an organism to adapt and develop new behaviors based on its environment and experiences.

The decrease in a response to a repeated stimulus.

The reappearance of a habituated response after a period of no stimulus presentation.

Habituation to one stimulus doesn't generalize to all stimuli in the same sensory modality.

Learning to make responses in order to obtain or avoid consequences (rewards or punishments).

An experimental method used to study operant conditioning in infants, where kicking a mobile produces its movement.

The learned response is specific to the environment where it was acquired.

The process of organizing experiences into groups based on shared features.

An experimental method used to measure infant's attention and recognition of stimuli.

An infant's attention and gaze towards a novel stimulus.

Infants' tendency to categorize objects closer to a prototype of a category as more typical than those that are less similar.

The ability to distinguish between different sounds in a language.

The memory system responsible for detailed recollections of events, places, and personal experiences.

The ability to remember personal experiences and events from one's own life.

How we understand and perceive ourselves as individuals, including our personality, values, and beliefs.

The tendency for older adults to have better memory for events that occurred during adolescence and young adulthood.

The ability to imitate a behavior after a delay, often used to study episodic memory in infants.

Infants can remember specific events, like pulling a toy apart, even after a 24-hour delay.

Vivid personal memories that are strongly connected to our sense of self and our goals.

The developing understanding of oneself as a distinct individual with a history, goals, and personal meaning.

Connecting information and experiences to our own identity and self-schema.

The inability of adults to recall episodic memories from their early childhood, usually before the age of 3-4.

The development of self-awareness, including understanding your own thoughts, feelings, and actions, which contributes to autobiographical memory.

The age at which people can recall early memories varies across cultures, with Western populations typically having earlier memories than Asian populations.

Older adults typically experience a decline in cognitive function, including a reduction in attentional resources, slower processing speed, and poorer memory performance.

Healthy older adults generally retain good memory for well-learned information, including procedural memories (motor skills), semantic memory (general knowledge), and remote episodic memories (early life experiences, especially self-defining ones).

Older adults may have difficulty with acquiring new associative memories, especially when requiring controlled processing (searching memory based on specific cues).

A form of implicit memory in which exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus, even without conscious awareness.

Suggests that older adults have particular difficulties in forming and retrieving associations between different parts of an experience.

Older adults demonstrate better performance in remembering semantically related information, relying on existing knowledge to structure experiences.

Older adults may experience a decline in the ability to retain details of an event, particularly the source of information. This can make them more susceptible to misinformation.

By engaging in mentally stimulating activities, like learning new skills, exercising the brain, and maintaining social connections, older adults can improve their memory abilities.