Development of Learning and Memory

<p>Toward the end of preschool years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stronger sense of self extended through time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps children learn narrative construction through shared recollection. (C), It provides children with the ability to recall events more clearly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using open-ended questions and encouraging narrative contributions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualized narratives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using few questions and repetitive prompts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How reminiscing affects the age at which children form their earliest memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deferred imitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within the first month after birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are connected to self-identity and goal attainment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improvement in cognitive control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the second and third year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to retrieve episodic memories from early childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of cognitive self in early childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of exposures needed to remember an event (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their memories are often disorganized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parents' storytelling and memory practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A greater proportion of self-defining events occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit impairments in controlled memory processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specifically struggle to create and retrieve associative links. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unfamiliar or semantically unrelated materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cued recall tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their performance is similar to that of younger adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may shift how and what is remembered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It remains generally intact during aging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improves ability to recall well-learned material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altricial species are highly dependent on social support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in response strength after a period of stimulus absence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves making responses to obtain or avoid consequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants as young as 2 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants' ability to kick in response to a stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By organizing experiences based on perceptual differences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure infants' recognition of stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their knowledge of category prototypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination of different examples of the same object. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different responses produced in varied environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensive social support during early development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of sucking actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It varies significantly among individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A social activity where individuals share and discuss past experiences, often influenced by cultural norms.

Personal stories that focus on individual experiences and perspectives, often emphasizing unique details and insights.

The collection of personal memories that form an individual's understanding of their own life history.

A style of reminiscing that involves providing rich detail, encouraging participation, and integrating responses into a coherent narrative.

The way parents engage in reminiscing with their children, which can vary in terms of elaboration and detail.

Animals born with well-developed behaviors due to their genetic makeup, requiring minimal parental care.

Animals born with undeveloped behaviors and skills, highly dependent on parental care for survival.

The ability of an organism to adapt and develop new behaviors based on its environment and experiences.

The decrease in a response to a repeated stimulus.

The reappearance of a habituated response after a period of no stimulus presentation.

Habituation to one stimulus doesn't generalize to all stimuli in the same sensory modality.

Learning to make responses in order to obtain or avoid consequences (rewards or punishments).

An experimental method used to study operant conditioning in infants, where kicking a mobile produces its movement.

The learned response is specific to the environment where it was acquired.

The process of organizing experiences into groups based on shared features.

An experimental method used to measure infant's attention and recognition of stimuli.

An infant's attention and gaze towards a novel stimulus.

Infants' tendency to categorize objects closer to a prototype of a category as more typical than those that are less similar.

The ability to distinguish between different sounds in a language.

The memory system responsible for detailed recollections of events, places, and personal experiences.

The ability to remember personal experiences and events from one's own life.

How we understand and perceive ourselves as individuals, including our personality, values, and beliefs.

The tendency for older adults to have better memory for events that occurred during adolescence and young adulthood.

The ability to imitate a behavior after a delay, often used to study episodic memory in infants.

Infants can remember specific events, like pulling a toy apart, even after a 24-hour delay.

Vivid personal memories that are strongly connected to our sense of self and our goals.

The developing understanding of oneself as a distinct individual with a history, goals, and personal meaning.

Connecting information and experiences to our own identity and self-schema.

The inability of adults to recall episodic memories from their early childhood, usually before the age of 3-4.

The development of self-awareness, including understanding your own thoughts, feelings, and actions, which contributes to autobiographical memory.

The age at which people can recall early memories varies across cultures, with Western populations typically having earlier memories than Asian populations.

Older adults typically experience a decline in cognitive function, including a reduction in attentional resources, slower processing speed, and poorer memory performance.

Healthy older adults generally retain good memory for well-learned information, including procedural memories (motor skills), semantic memory (general knowledge), and remote episodic memories (early life experiences, especially self-defining ones).

Older adults may have difficulty with acquiring new associative memories, especially when requiring controlled processing (searching memory based on specific cues).

A form of implicit memory in which exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus, even without conscious awareness.

Suggests that older adults have particular difficulties in forming and retrieving associations between different parts of an experience.

Older adults demonstrate better performance in remembering semantically related information, relying on existing knowledge to structure experiences.

Older adults may experience a decline in the ability to retain details of an event, particularly the source of information. This can make them more susceptible to misinformation.

By engaging in mentally stimulating activities, like learning new skills, exercising the brain, and maintaining social connections, older adults can improve their memory abilities.