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What is the primary benefit of shared reminiscing in children?
What is the primary benefit of shared reminiscing in children?
Which characteristic is associated with a high elaborative parent?
Which characteristic is associated with a high elaborative parent?
How do low elaborative parents typically engage with their children during reminiscing?
How do low elaborative parents typically engage with their children during reminiscing?
In which cultural context is individualized narrative more emphasized during reminiscing?
In which cultural context is individualized narrative more emphasized during reminiscing?
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What possible research question might arise from the concept of parental reminiscing style?
What possible research question might arise from the concept of parental reminiscing style?
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What type of memory is primarily tested when infants engage in deferred imitation?
What type of memory is primarily tested when infants engage in deferred imitation?
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At what age do infants start to show the capacity for deferred imitation according to the studies?
At what age do infants start to show the capacity for deferred imitation according to the studies?
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What is a characteristic of autobiographical memory as it develops in children?
What is a characteristic of autobiographical memory as it develops in children?
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What typically happens to childhood memories as individuals grow older?
What typically happens to childhood memories as individuals grow older?
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Which of the following factors is related to childhood amnesia?
Which of the following factors is related to childhood amnesia?
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What type of memory are self-defining memories primarily associated with?
What type of memory are self-defining memories primarily associated with?
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By what age does a child's ability to recall memories from a single exposure significantly improve?
By what age does a child's ability to recall memories from a single exposure significantly improve?
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Which cognitive function is rapidly improving during early childhood to support memory encoding and retrieval?
Which cognitive function is rapidly improving during early childhood to support memory encoding and retrieval?
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What is the main reason for cultural variations in the age of earliest memories?
What is the main reason for cultural variations in the age of earliest memories?
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Which is a key development that aids in better recall of self-relevant information as children get older?
Which is a key development that aids in better recall of self-relevant information as children get older?
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What characteristic is associated with children whose mothers exhibit a high elaborative reminiscing style?
What characteristic is associated with children whose mothers exhibit a high elaborative reminiscing style?
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What is the primary benefit of increased control over learning processes as children develop?
What is the primary benefit of increased control over learning processes as children develop?
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What does the reminiscence bump refer to?
What does the reminiscence bump refer to?
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What is a key factor in the emergence of coherent autobiographical knowledge?
What is a key factor in the emergence of coherent autobiographical knowledge?
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Which of the following statements is accurate regarding children's memory development?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding children's memory development?
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What is the 'reminisce bump' primarily associated with?
What is the 'reminisce bump' primarily associated with?
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Which type of memory tends to remain intact in healthy older adults?
Which type of memory tends to remain intact in healthy older adults?
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What type of processing does priming exemplify?
What type of processing does priming exemplify?
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What is the associative deficit hypothesis related to in older adults?
What is the associative deficit hypothesis related to in older adults?
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Older adults show similar recognition memory for experienced items as young adults, but they struggle with which aspect?
Older adults show similar recognition memory for experienced items as young adults, but they struggle with which aspect?
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Which memory deficits are most evident for older adults when materials are?
Which memory deficits are most evident for older adults when materials are?
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What memory decline are older adults increasingly susceptible to?
What memory decline are older adults increasingly susceptible to?
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Which group showed memory for numbers at the same level as young adults?
Which group showed memory for numbers at the same level as young adults?
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What characterizes the shift in reminiscing practices among older adults?
What characterizes the shift in reminiscing practices among older adults?
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In comparison to younger adults, older adults exhibit deficits in which memory processing?
In comparison to younger adults, older adults exhibit deficits in which memory processing?
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What type of species are characterized by being born with well-developed behaviors due to their genetic makeup?
What type of species are characterized by being born with well-developed behaviors due to their genetic makeup?
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Which phenomenon describes the reappearance of a weakened response after a period without stimulus presentation?
Which phenomenon describes the reappearance of a weakened response after a period without stimulus presentation?
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What is operant conditioning primarily concerned with?
What is operant conditioning primarily concerned with?
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What type of memory shows the ability of infants to recognize previously exposed stimuli compared to novel ones?
What type of memory shows the ability of infants to recognize previously exposed stimuli compared to novel ones?
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What is a key feature of the conjugate reinforcement paradigm?
What is a key feature of the conjugate reinforcement paradigm?
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At what age can babies start learning through operant conditioning?
At what age can babies start learning through operant conditioning?
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What aspect of learning is primarily tested using the preferential looking paradigm?
What aspect of learning is primarily tested using the preferential looking paradigm?
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What do newborns lack regarding object categories, yet develop by 3-4 months?
What do newborns lack regarding object categories, yet develop by 3-4 months?
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What does stimulus specificity in habituation indicate?
What does stimulus specificity in habituation indicate?
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What process allows infants to learn rules of language from environmental input?
What process allows infants to learn rules of language from environmental input?
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What is one of the defining characteristics of altricial species?
What is one of the defining characteristics of altricial species?
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Which of the following is true about infants' ability to discriminate phonemes?
Which of the following is true about infants' ability to discriminate phonemes?
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Which behavior demonstrates the ability of infants to adapt their actions to produce desired outcomes?
Which behavior demonstrates the ability of infants to adapt their actions to produce desired outcomes?
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Study Notes
Development of Learning and Memory
- Precocial species are born with well-developed behaviors due to genetics.
- Altricial species are born with undeveloped behaviors and rely heavily on social support for development.
- There's ongoing debate about the relative contributions of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) in early development.
- Some information is likely hardwired, like facial recognition.
Habituation
- Adaptation often involves a combination of learning mechanisms and experience.
- We're not born knowing our native language, but we have the capacity to learn language rules quickly from environmental input.
- Habituation is a response weakening after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery occurs when a habituated response returns after a period of no stimulus.
- Habituation is specific to particular stimuli.
- Fetuses, in utero, exhibit response to novel stimuli as evidenced from habituation and dishabituation.
Operant Conditioning
- Organisms learn to make responses based on feedback (reward/punishment).
- Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning.
- Feedback is often used to learn behaviours and associations.
- Infants can recognize familiar stimuli from before birth, which act as reinforcers.
- Early learning experiences, like listening to a story, can be reinforced during pregnancy..
Conjugate Reinforcement
- An experimental method in which infants' actions are linked to a visible outcome, showing that infants learn through operant conditioning.
- Kicking consistently causes a mobile to move, which encourages repetition.
- Memory of these associations can last for some time.
Category Learning and Discrimination
- Very early on, infants begin to organize their experiences into categories.
- Infants show an increasing ability to form more abstract categories as they develop.
- Experimental paradigms, like preferential looking, are used to assess how infants categorize and discriminate stimuli..
- Looking at novel versus familiar stimuli is a common test for preferential looking.
Development of Episodic Memory
- Study explored imitation behaviour (of adults) in infants aged 12-24 months, both immediately and after a 24 hour delay, showing that memory can last.
- Infants can imitate adults in specific facial expressions and actions.
- Capacity for episodic memory emerges by a certain age range.
- Reliability and durability of memory improve throughout the first few years of childhood.
Autobiographical Memory
- Older children, when asked about events earlier in their life, may still accurately recall events.
- Personal memories are often structured by the narratives provided.
- Personal narratives provide context and organisation of events, leading to a coherent sense of self..
- Autobiographical memory development is affected by cultural patterns of reminiscing.
Childhood Amnesia
- Adults have poor recollection of early-life events which is known as childhood amnesia.
- Capacity for remembering events in childhood develops gradually across early childhood..
- Elaborative reminiscing is associated with better recall of memories in later childhood.
- Elaborative reminiscing styles differ across cultures..
Aging and Memory
- While adults' overall memory capacity declines with age, well-learned materials, like procedural memories (skills), often remain preserved..
- Episodic memories, especially remote memories from early in life, tend to decrease in later life as the hippocampus and related areas of the brain show some deterioration..
Obtaining New Associative Memories
- Acquisition of new memories involving combinations (e.g., a particular object/image/location), relies on controlled processing and the search for memory cues.
- There's no difference in controlled memory processing in young and old adults unless the information or task is new.
- There may be an implicit memory advantage in older adults in comparison to younger adults.
Episodic Memory in Older Adults
- Older adults have episodic memory impairments when faced with tasks requiring retrieval and memory from remote events or explicit information, especially if faced with unfamiliar or unrelated stimuli..
- Use of familiar information is correlated with retaining the information well into older adulthood.
- Strategies to improve episodic memory recall in older adults often involve encoding strategies that make the information more meaningful or memorable.
Cultural Variations in Memories
- Cultural differences in reminiscence style affect how children are encouraged to recall and talk about memories.
- Sharing reminiscences is an active social process.
- Elaborative reminiscing is associated with greater detail in recalling experiences with parents/grandparents/other caregivers.
- More detailed reminiscing may aid in the development of autobiographical memory, but cultural and other factors play a role.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the development of learning and memory, including the roles of precocial and altricial species, habituation, and operant conditioning. Explore how genetic and environmental factors influence behavior and memory formation. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these crucial psychological concepts.
