Development of Learning and Memory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of shared reminiscing in children?

  • It contributes to the development of autobiographical memory. (correct)
  • It helps children avoid challenging memories.
  • It decreases children's emotional expression.
  • It replaces the need for individual narratives.

Which characteristic is associated with a high elaborative parent?

  • Asking leading questions to guide responses.
  • Encouraging the child to help construct a narrative. (correct)
  • Focusing primarily on specific details of the past.
  • Providing minimal feedback on child responses.

How do low elaborative parents typically engage with their children during reminiscing?

  • They mostly ask a variety of stimulating questions.
  • They frequently ask open-ended questions.
  • They tell children long stories from their past for context.
  • They ask few and redundant questions along with specific details. (correct)

In which cultural context is individualized narrative more emphasized during reminiscing?

<p>Western cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What possible research question might arise from the concept of parental reminiscing style?

<p>Does parental reminiscing style affect the age of earliest memory? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is primarily tested when infants engage in deferred imitation?

<p>Episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants start to show the capacity for deferred imitation according to the studies?

<p>12-24 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of autobiographical memory as it develops in children?

<p>It connects events to a personal timeline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to childhood memories as individuals grow older?

<p>They provide a coherent sense of self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is related to childhood amnesia?

<p>Weak self-concept organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory are self-defining memories primarily associated with?

<p>Episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age does a child's ability to recall memories from a single exposure significantly improve?

<p>13 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive function is rapidly improving during early childhood to support memory encoding and retrieval?

<p>Working memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for cultural variations in the age of earliest memories?

<p>Influences of narrative practices in upbringing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key development that aids in better recall of self-relevant information as children get older?

<p>Development of a stronger self-concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with children whose mothers exhibit a high elaborative reminiscing style?

<p>They engage in more detailed autobiographical recall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of increased control over learning processes as children develop?

<p>Reliability and robustness of learning improves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reminiscence bump refer to?

<p>Enhanced memory for events during adolescence and early childhood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the emergence of coherent autobiographical knowledge?

<p>The development of a strong self-concept. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding children's memory development?

<p>Self-concept influences how memories are organized and understood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'reminisce bump' primarily associated with?

<p>Positive life script events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory tends to remain intact in healthy older adults?

<p>Procedural memories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of processing does priming exemplify?

<p>Implicit processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the associative deficit hypothesis related to in older adults?

<p>Difficulty in forming and retrieving associative links (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Older adults show similar recognition memory for experienced items as young adults, but they struggle with which aspect?

<p>Recalling face-name associations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory deficits are most evident for older adults when materials are?

<p>Unfamiliar or unrelated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory decline are older adults increasingly susceptible to?

<p>Contextual details and source of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed memory for numbers at the same level as young adults?

<p>Retired accountants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the shift in reminiscing practices among older adults?

<p>Changes in how and what they remember (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparison to younger adults, older adults exhibit deficits in which memory processing?

<p>Cued recall tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of species are characterized by being born with well-developed behaviors due to their genetic makeup?

<p>Precocial species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the reappearance of a weakened response after a period without stimulus presentation?

<p>Spontaneous recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning primarily concerned with?

<p>Behavior modification through reward and punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory shows the ability of infants to recognize previously exposed stimuli compared to novel ones?

<p>Perceptual memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the conjugate reinforcement paradigm?

<p>Infants learn to associate their leg kicks with mobile movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can babies start learning through operant conditioning?

<p>At 2 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning is primarily tested using the preferential looking paradigm?

<p>Perceptual discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do newborns lack regarding object categories, yet develop by 3-4 months?

<p>Strong representations of object categories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus specificity in habituation indicate?

<p>Responses to new stimuli rely on similarity to original stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows infants to learn rules of language from environmental input?

<p>General learning mechanisms combined with experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the defining characteristics of altricial species?

<p>They have a high capacity for ontogenetic adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about infants' ability to discriminate phonemes?

<p>Infants can discriminate between phonemes like /ta/ and /Ta/ even from different languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior demonstrates the ability of infants to adapt their actions to produce desired outcomes?

<p>Changing sucking patterns to play familiar stories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deferred Imitation

The ability to imitate an action after a delay, often used to study episodic memory in infants.

Episodic Memory in Infants

Infants demonstrate the ability to remember and reproduce actions they observed, even after a delay, indicating early development of episodic memory.

Self-Defining Memories

Vivid episodic memories connected to personal identity and goal attainment, often shaping our self-concept.

Autobiographical Memory

Memories of specific events linked on a personal timeline, revealing the self and personal history.

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Emergence of Self Concept

The development of a coherent understanding of oneself, allowing for organization of experiences and memories.

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Self-Referential Processing

Connecting memories and experiences to our sense of self, making them more meaningful and memorable.

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Childhood Amnesia

The inability to retrieve episodic memories from early childhood, common in adults.

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Cognitive Functions in Memory Development

Improvements in working memory and cognitive control contribute to better memory encoding and retrieval as children grow.

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Cultural Variation in Amnesia

Differences in the age of earliest memories across cultures, possibly influenced by social and cultural practices.

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Why Cultural Differences in Amnesia?

Cultural factors, such as language, communication patterns, and storytelling practices, can influence the formation and recall of early memories.

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Shared Reminiscing

The act of individuals coming together to recount and share past experiences, often with emphasis on personal narratives.

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Cultural Variations in Reminiscing

Different cultures place varying importance on individualistic narratives when reminiscing.

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Parental Reminiscing Style

How parents engage in reminiscing with their children, ranging from highly elaborative to minimally engaging.

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High Elaborative Parent

A parent who encourages detailed reminiscing, actively builds upon the child's memories, provides feedback, and integrates responses into a cohesive narrative.

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Low Elaborative Parent

A parent who asks fewer questions, focuses on specific details, provides limited elaboration, and may not react meaningfully to the child's responses.

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Elaborative Reminiscing

A style of conversation where parents provide rich details and connections when discussing past events with their children.

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Self Concept

The understanding of oneself as a unique individual, including one's personality, values, beliefs, and goals.

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Reminiscence Bump

The phenomenon where older adults have better recall for events that occurred during adolescence and early adulthood.

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Episodic Memory

The ability to recall specific events and their context, including time and place.

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Precocial Species

Animals born with well-developed behaviors and abilities due to genetic makeup. They are relatively independent from birth.

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Altricial Species

Animals born with undeveloped behaviors and skills, highly dependent on parental care. They have a high capacity to adapt to their environment through learning.

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Habituation

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time.

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Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance or increase in a habituated response after a period of no stimulus presentation.

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Stimulus Specificity

Habituation to one stimulus doesn't generalize to other stimuli, even in the same sensory modality.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through associating actions with consequences (rewards and punishments).

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Conjugate Reinforcement Paradigm

Experimental method where a specific action (like kicking) produces a desired outcome (like a moving mobile).

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Contextual Conditioning

A learned association between behavior and consequences is specific to a particular environment.

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Category Learning

Organizing experiences into categories and learning to discriminate between them.

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Preferential Looking Paradigm

Experimental method used to study infant perception by measuring the amount of time infants spend looking at different stimuli.

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Orienting Response

A shift in attention towards a novel or unexpected stimulus.

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Typicality Effects

The tendency to judge more typical members of a category as better examples than less typical members.

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Nature vs Nurture

Debate in developmental psychology that explores the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to development.

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Ontogenetic Adaptation

Developmental changes that occur within an organism's lifetime in response to environmental influences.

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Positive Events & Identity

Positive life events, especially those related to identity formation, are more likely to be recalled and considered important to our self-concept.

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How Autobiographical Memory Helps

Autobiographical memory helps us form our sense of self by organizing important life events, creating a personal narrative.

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Aging and Memory Decline

As we age, our cognitive abilities decline, leading to slower processing, reduced attention, and poorer memory performance.

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Preserved Memories

Despite decline, older adults generally retain well-learned information, including procedural skills (like riding a bike), semantic knowledge (facts), and remote episodic memories (from early life).

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Impaired Episodic Memory

Older adults struggle to form novel episodic memories, especially those involving connections (associations) between different parts of an event.

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Semantic vs. Unrelated

Older adults have better memory for events with meaningful connections within the context (like objects related to a location), but struggle to remember unrelated details.

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Expertise and Memory

Older adults with domain expertise (like retired accountants) retain strong memory for information within their field, demonstrating how knowledge can compensate for age-related decline.

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Impairments in Contextual Details

Older adults might remember an event accurately but struggle with where they learned it or who told them about it. This makes them more susceptible to misinformation.

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Overcoming Episodic Memory Deficits

Strategies to improve episodic memory for older adults include using familiar material, creating meaningful associations, and practicing retrieval strategies.

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Study Notes

Development of Learning and Memory

  • Precocial species are born with well-developed behaviors due to genetics.
  • Altricial species are born with undeveloped behaviors and rely heavily on social support for development.
  • There's ongoing debate about the relative contributions of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) in early development.
  • Some information is likely hardwired, like facial recognition.

Habituation

  • Adaptation often involves a combination of learning mechanisms and experience.
  • We're not born knowing our native language, but we have the capacity to learn language rules quickly from environmental input.
  • Habituation is a response weakening after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
  • Spontaneous recovery occurs when a habituated response returns after a period of no stimulus.
  • Habituation is specific to particular stimuli.
  • Fetuses, in utero, exhibit response to novel stimuli as evidenced from habituation and dishabituation.

Operant Conditioning

  • Organisms learn to make responses based on feedback (reward/punishment).
  • Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning.
  • Feedback is often used to learn behaviours and associations.
  • Infants can recognize familiar stimuli from before birth, which act as reinforcers.
  • Early learning experiences, like listening to a story, can be reinforced during pregnancy..

Conjugate Reinforcement

  • An experimental method in which infants' actions are linked to a visible outcome, showing that infants learn through operant conditioning.
  • Kicking consistently causes a mobile to move, which encourages repetition.
  • Memory of these associations can last for some time.

Category Learning and Discrimination

  • Very early on, infants begin to organize their experiences into categories.
  • Infants show an increasing ability to form more abstract categories as they develop.
  • Experimental paradigms, like preferential looking, are used to assess how infants categorize and discriminate stimuli..
  • Looking at novel versus familiar stimuli is a common test for preferential looking.

Development of Episodic Memory

  • Study explored imitation behaviour (of adults) in infants aged 12-24 months, both immediately and after a 24 hour delay, showing that memory can last.
  • Infants can imitate adults in specific facial expressions and actions.
  • Capacity for episodic memory emerges by a certain age range.
  • Reliability and durability of memory improve throughout the first few years of childhood.

Autobiographical Memory

  • Older children, when asked about events earlier in their life, may still accurately recall events.
  • Personal memories are often structured by the narratives provided.
  • Personal narratives provide context and organisation of events, leading to a coherent sense of self..
  • Autobiographical memory development is affected by cultural patterns of reminiscing.

Childhood Amnesia

  • Adults have poor recollection of early-life events which is known as childhood amnesia.
  • Capacity for remembering events in childhood develops gradually across early childhood..
  • Elaborative reminiscing is associated with better recall of memories in later childhood.
  • Elaborative reminiscing styles differ across cultures..

Aging and Memory

  • While adults' overall memory capacity declines with age, well-learned materials, like procedural memories (skills), often remain preserved..
  • Episodic memories, especially remote memories from early in life, tend to decrease in later life as the hippocampus and related areas of the brain show some deterioration..

Obtaining New Associative Memories

  • Acquisition of new memories involving combinations (e.g., a particular object/image/location), relies on controlled processing and the search for memory cues.
  • There's no difference in controlled memory processing in young and old adults unless the information or task is new.
  • There may be an implicit memory advantage in older adults in comparison to younger adults.

Episodic Memory in Older Adults

  • Older adults have episodic memory impairments when faced with tasks requiring retrieval and memory from remote events or explicit information, especially if faced with unfamiliar or unrelated stimuli..
  • Use of familiar information is correlated with retaining the information well into older adulthood.
  • Strategies to improve episodic memory recall in older adults often involve encoding strategies that make the information more meaningful or memorable.

Cultural Variations in Memories

  • Cultural differences in reminiscence style affect how children are encouraged to recall and talk about memories.
  • Sharing reminiscences is an active social process.
  • Elaborative reminiscing is associated with greater detail in recalling experiences with parents/grandparents/other caregivers.
  • More detailed reminiscing may aid in the development of autobiographical memory, but cultural and other factors play a role.

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Related Documents

L&M Development PDF Notes

Description

Test your knowledge on the development of learning and memory, including the roles of precocial and altricial species, habituation, and operant conditioning. Explore how genetic and environmental factors influence behavior and memory formation. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these crucial psychological concepts.

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